1 Introduction

As data converters continue evolving, it’s a challenge to meet multiband requirements in systems such as software-defined radios, wireless testers and spectrum analyzers. System designers are reevaluating traditional frequency-hopping methods as devices become more complex and capable of faster transitions between numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) frequencies.

In this article, I’ll explore the evolution of frequency-hopping techniques, comparing traditional and advanced methods such as general-purpose input/output (GPIO) and fast reconfiguration interface (FRI). Understanding these advancements can help you gain valuable insights into optimizing frequency hopping for both single- and multiband applications. But to fully grasp how modern systems meet multiband requirements, it’s essential to first understand the fundamentals of frequency hopping.