SNVSAT9 June   2017 LM25145

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Revision History
  5. Description (continued)
  6. Pin Configuration and Functions
    1. 6.1 Wettable Flanks
  7. Specifications
    1. 7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 7.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 7.4 Thermal Information
    5. 7.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 7.6 Switching Characteristics
    7. 7.7 Typical Characteristics
  8. Detailed Description
    1. 8.1 Overview
    2. 8.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 8.3 Feature Description
      1. 8.3.1  Input Range (VIN)
      2. 8.3.2  Output Voltage Setpoint and Accuracy (FB)
      3. 8.3.3  High-Voltage Bias Supply Regulator (VCC)
      4. 8.3.4  Precision Enable (EN/UVLO)
      5. 8.3.5  Power Good Monitor (PGOOD)
      6. 8.3.6  Switching Frequency (RT, SYNCIN)
        1. 8.3.6.1 Frequency Adjust
        2. 8.3.6.2 Clock Synchronization
      7. 8.3.7  Configurable Soft-Start (SS/TRK)
        1. 8.3.7.1 Tracking
      8. 8.3.8  Voltage-Mode Control (COMP)
      9. 8.3.9  Gate Drivers (LO, HO)
      10. 8.3.10 Current Sensing and Overcurrent Protection (ILIM)
      11. 8.3.11 OCP Duty Cycle Limiter
    4. 8.4 Device Functional Modes
      1. 8.4.1 Shutdown Mode
      2. 8.4.2 Standby Mode
      3. 8.4.3 Active Mode
      4. 8.4.4 Diode Emulation Mode
      5. 8.4.5 Thermal Shutdown
  9. Application and Implementation
    1. 9.1 Application Information
      1. 9.1.1 Design and Implementation
      2. 9.1.2 Power Train Components
        1. 9.1.2.1 Inductor
        2. 9.1.2.2 Output Capacitors
        3. 9.1.2.3 Input Capacitors
        4. 9.1.2.4 Power MOSFETs
      3. 9.1.3 Control Loop Compensation
      4. 9.1.4 EMI Filter Design
    2. 9.2 Typical Applications
      1. 9.2.1 Design 1 - 20-A High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator for Telecom Power Applications
        1. 9.2.1.1 Design Requirements
        2. 9.2.1.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        3. 9.2.1.3 Custom Design With WEBENCH® Tools
        4. 9.2.1.4 Application Curves
      2. 9.2.2 Design 2 - High Density, 12-V, 8-A Rail With LDO Low-Noise Auxiliary Output for Industrial Applications
        1. 9.2.2.1 Design Requirements
        2. 9.2.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
          1. 9.2.2.2.1 Application Curves
      3. 9.2.3 Design 3 - Powering a Multicore DSP From a 24-V Rail
        1. 9.2.3.1 Design Requirements
        2. 9.2.3.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        3. 9.2.3.3 Application Curves
  10. 10Power Supply Recommendations
  11. 11Layout
    1. 11.1 Layout Guidelines
      1. 11.1.1 Power Stage Layout
      2. 11.1.2 Gate Drive Layout
      3. 11.1.3 PWM Controller Layout
      4. 11.1.4 Thermal Design and Layout
      5. 11.1.5 Ground Plane Design
    2. 11.2 Layout Example
  12. 12Device and Documentation Support
    1. 12.1 Device Support
      1. 12.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
      2. 12.1.2 Development Support
      3. 12.1.3 Custom Design With WEBENCH® Tools
    2. 12.2 Documentation Support
      1. 12.2.1 Related Documentation
        1. 12.2.1.1 PCB Layout Resources
        2. 12.2.1.2 Thermal Design Resources
    3. 12.3 Related Links
    4. 12.4 Receiving Notification of Documentation Updates
    5. 12.5 Community Resources
    6. 12.6 Trademarks
    7. 12.7 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    8. 12.8 Glossary
  13. 13Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

Package Options

Refer to the PDF data sheet for device specific package drawings

Mechanical Data (Package|Pins)
  • RGY|20
Thermal pad, mechanical data (Package|Pins)
Orderable Information

Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

Application Information

Design and Implementation

To expedite the process of designing of a LM25145-based regulator for a given application, please use the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator available as a free download, as well as numerous LM25145 reference designs populated in TI Designs™ reference design library, or the designs provided in Typical Applications. The LM25145 is also WEBENCH® Designer enabled.

Power Train Components

Comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the power train components are key to successfully completing a synchronous buck regulator design.

Inductor

For most applications, choose an inductance such that the inductor ripple current, ΔIL, is between 30% and 40% of the maximum DC output current at nominal input voltage. Choose the inductance using Equation 7 based on a peak inductor current given by Equation 8.

Equation 7. LM25145 q_Lf_nvsai4.gif
Equation 8. LM25145 q_ILpeak_nvsai4.gif

Check the inductor datasheet to ensure that the saturation current of the inductor is well above the peak inductor current of a particular design. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred at high switching frequencies, so design goals can then concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Low inductor core loss is evidenced by reduced no-load input current and higher light-load efficiency. However, ferrite core materials exhibit a hard saturation characteristic and the inductance collapses abruptly when the saturation current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current, higher output voltage ripple, not to mention reduced efficiency and compromised reliability. Note that the saturation current of an inductor generally deceases as its core temperature increases. Of course, accurate overcurrent protection is key to avoiding inductor saturation.

Output Capacitors

Ordinarily, the output capacitor energy store of the regulator combined with the control loop response are prescribed to maintain the integrity of the output voltage within the dynamic (transient) tolerance specifications. The usual boundaries restricting the output capacitor in power management applications are driven by finite available PCB area, component footprint and profile, and cost. The capacitor parasitics—equivalent series resistance (ESR) and equivalent series inductance (ESL)—take greater precedence in shaping the load transient response of the regulator as the load step amplitude and slew rate increase.

The output capacitor, COUT, filters the inductor ripple current and provides a reservoir of charge for step-load transient events. Typically, ceramic capacitors provide extremely low ESR to reduce the output voltage ripple and noise spikes, while tantalum and electrolytic capacitors provide a large bulk capacitance in a relatively compact footprint for transient loading events.

Based on the static specification of peak-to-peak output voltage ripple denoted by ΔVOUT, choose an output capacitance that is larger than that given by Equation 9.

Equation 9. LM25145 q_Co_nvsai4.gif

Figure 42 conceptually illustrates the relevant current waveforms during both load step-up and step-down transitions. As shown, the large-signal slew rate of the inductor current is limited as the inductor current ramps to match the new load-current level following a load transient. This slew-rate limiting exacerbates the deficit of charge in the output capacitor, which must be replenished as rapidly as possible during and after the load step-up transient. Similarly, during and after a load step-down transient, the slew rate limiting of the inductor current adds to the surplus of charge in the output capacitor that must be depleted as quickly as possible.

LM25145 Load_transient_plot_nvsai4.gif Figure 42. Load Transient Response Representation Showing COUT Charge Surplus or Deficit

In a typical regulator application of 24-V input to low output voltage (for example, 5 V), it should be recognized that the load-off transient represents worst-case. In that case, the steady-state duty cycle is approximately 10% and the large-signal inductor current slew rate when the duty cycle collapses to zero is approximately –VOUT/L. Compared to a load-on transient, the inductor current takes much longer to transition to the required level. The surplus of charge in the output capacitor causes the output voltage to significantly overshoot. In fact, to deplete this excess charge from the output capacitor as quickly as possible, the inductor current must ramp below its nominal level following the load step. In this scenario, a large output capacitance can be advantageously employed to absorb the excess charge and limit the voltage overshoot.

To meet the dynamic specification of output voltage overshoot during such a load-off transient (denoted as ΔVOVERSHOOT with step reduction in output current given by ΔIOUT), the output capacitance should be larger than

Equation 10. LM25145 q_Co_tran_nvsai4.gif

The ESR of a capacitor is provided in the manufacturer’s data sheet either explicitly as a specification or implicitly in the impedance vs. frequency curve. Depending on type, size and construction, electrolytic capacitors have significant ESR, 5 mΩ and above, and relatively large ESL, 5 nH to 20 nH. PCB traces contribute some parasitic resistance and inductance as well. Ceramic output capacitors, on the other hand, have low ESR and ESL contributions at the switching frequency, and the capacitive impedance component dominates. However, depending on package and voltage rating of the ceramic capacitor, the effective capacitance can drop quite significantly with applied DC voltage and operating temperature.

Ignoring the ESR term in Equation 9 gives a quick estimation of the minimum ceramic capacitance necessary to meet the output ripple specification. One to four 47-µF, 10-V, X7R capacitors in 1206 or 1210 footprint is a common choice. Use Equation 10 to determine if additional capacitance is necessary to meet the load-off transient overshoot specification.

A composite implementation of ceramic and electrolytic capacitors highlights the rationale for paralleling capacitors of dissimilar chemistries yet complementary performance. The frequency response of each capacitor is accretive in that each capacitor provides desirable performance over a certain portion of the frequency range. While the ceramic provides excellent mid- and high-frequency decoupling characteristics with its low ESR and ESL to minimize the switching frequency output ripple, the electrolytic device with its large bulk capacitance provides low-frequency energy storage to cope with load transient demands.

Input Capacitors

Input capacitors are necessary to limit the input ripple voltage to the buck power stage due to switching-frequency AC currents. TI recommends using X5R or X7R dielectric ceramic capacitors to provide low impedance and high RMS current rating over a wide temperature range. To minimize the parasitic inductance in the switching loop, position the input capacitors as close as possible to the drain of the high-side MOSFET and the source of the low-side MOSFET. The input capacitor RMS current is given by Equation 11.

Equation 11. LM25145 q_ICinrms_nvsai4.gif

The highest input capacitor RMS current occurs at D = 0.5, at which point the RMS current rating of the capacitors should be greater than half the output current.

Ideally, the DC component of input current is provided by the input voltage source and the AC component by the input filter capacitors. Neglecting inductor ripple current, the input capacitors source current of amplitude (IOUT − IIN) during the D interval and sinks IIN during the 1−D interval. Thus, the input capacitors conduct a square-wave current of peak-to-peak amplitude equal to the output current. It follows that the resultant capacitive component of AC ripple voltage is a triangular waveform. Together with the ESR-related ripple component, the peak-to-peak ripple voltage amplitude is given by Equation 12.

Equation 12. LM25145 q_Vinripple_nvsai4.gif

The input capacitance required for a particular load current, based on an input voltage ripple specification of ΔVIN, is given by Equation 13.

Equation 13. LM25145 q_Cin_nvsai4.gif

Low-ESR ceramic capacitors can be placed in parallel with higher valued bulk capacitance to provide optimized input filtering for the regulator and damping to mitigate the effects of input parasitic inductance resonating with high-Q ceramics. One bulk capacitor of sufficiently high current rating and two or three 2.2-μF 100-V X7R ceramic decoupling capacitors are usually sufficient. Select the input bulk capacitor based on its ripple current rating and operating temperature.

Power MOSFETs

The choice of power MOSFETs has significant impact on DC-DC regulator performance. A MOSFET with low on-state resistance, RDS(on), reduces conduction loss, whereas low parasitic capacitances enable faster transition times and reduced switching loss. Normally, the lower the RDS(on) of a MOSFET, the higher the gate charge and output charge (QG and QOSS respectively), and vice versa. As a result, the product RDS(on) × QG is commonly specified as a MOSFET figure-of-merit. Low thermal resistance ensures that the MOSFET power dissipation does not result in excessive MOSFET die temperature.

The main parameters affecting power MOSFET selection in an LM25145 application are as follows:

  • RDS(on) at VGS = 7.5 V;
  • Drain-source voltage rating, BVDSS, typically 30 V, 40 V or 60 V, depending on maximum input voltage;
  • Gate charge parameters at VGS = 7.5 V;
  • Output charge, QOSS, at the relevant input voltage;
  • Body diode reverse recovery charge, QRR;
  • Gate threshold voltage, VGS(th), derived from the plateau in the QG vs. VGS plot in the MOSFET data sheet. With a MOSFET Miller plateau voltage typically in the range of 3 V to 5 V, the 7.5-V gate drive amplitude of the LM25145 provides an adequately-enhanced MOSFET when on and a margin against Cdv/dt shoot-through when off.

The MOSFET-related power losses are summarized by the equations presented in Table 2, where suffixes 1 and 2 represent high-side and low-side MOSFET parameters, respectively. While the influence of inductor ripple current is considered, second-order loss modes, such as those related to parasitic inductances and SW node ringing, are not included. Consult the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator to assist with power loss calculations.

Table 2. Buck Regulator MOSFET Power Losses

POWER LOSS MODE HIGH-SIDE MOSFET LOW-SIDE MOSFET
MOSFET Conduction(2)(3) LM25145 q_Q1_condloss_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_Q2_condloss_nvsai4.gif
MOSFET Switching LM25145 q_Psw_nvsai4.gif Negligible
MOSFET Gate Drive(1) LM25145 q_Q1_Qg_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_Q2_Qg_nvsai4.gif
MOSFET Output Charge(4) LM25145 q_Pqoss_nvsai4.gif
Body Diode
Conduction
N/A LM25145 q_Pbody_nvsai4.gif
Body Diode
Reverse Recovery(5)
LM25145 q_Prr_nvsai4.gif
Gate drive loss is apportioned based on the internal gate resistance of the MOSFET, externally-added series gate resistance and the relevant driver resistance of the LM25145.
MOSFET RDS(on) has a positive temperature coefficient of approximately 4500 ppm/°C. The MOSFET junction temperature, TJ, and its rise over ambient temperature is dependent upon the device total power dissipation and its thermal impedance.
D' = 1–D is the duty cycle complement.
MOSFET output capacitances, Coss1 and Coss2, are highly non-linear with voltage. These capacitances are charged losslessly by the inductor current at high-side MOSFET turn-off. During turn-on, however, a current flows from the input to charge the output capacitance of the low-side MOSFET. Eoss1, the energy of Coss1, is dissipated at turn-on, but this is offset by the stored energy Eoss2 on Coss2.
MOSFET body diode reverse recovery charge, QRR, depends on many parameters, particularly forward current, current transition speed and temperature.

The high-side (control) MOSFET carries the inductor current during the PWM on-time (or D interval) and typically incurs most of the switching losses. It is therefore imperative to choose a high-side MOSFET that balances conduction and switching loss contributions. The total power dissipation in the high-side MOSFET is the sum of the losses due to conduction, switching (voltage-current overlap), output charge, and typically two-thirds of the net loss attributed to body diode reverse recovery.

The low-side (synchronous) MOSFET carries the inductor current when the high-side MOSFET is off (or 1–D interval). The low-side MOSFET switching loss is negligible as it is switched at zero voltage – current just commutates from the channel to the body diode or vice versa during the transition dead-times. The LM25145, with its adaptive gate drive timing, minimizes body diode conduction losses when both MOSFETs are off. Such losses scale directly with switching frequency.

In high step-down ratio applications, the low-side MOSFET carries the current for a large portion of the switching period. Therefore, to attain high efficiency, it is critical to optimize the low-side MOSFET for low RDS(on). In cases where the conduction loss is too high or the target RDS(on) is lower than available in a single MOSFET, connect two low-side MOSFETs in parallel. The total power dissipation of the low-side MOSFET is the sum of the losses due to channel conduction, body diode conduction, and typically one-third of the net loss attributed to body diode reverse recovery. The LM25145 is well suited to drive TI's comprehensive portfolio of NexFET™ power MOSFETs.

Control Loop Compensation

The poles and zeros inherent to the power stage and compensator are respectively illustrated by red and blue dashed rings in the schematic embedded in Table 3.

The compensation network typically employed with voltage-mode control is a Type-III circuit with three poles and two zeros. One compensator pole is located at the origin to realize high DC gain. The normal compensation strategy uses two compensator zeros to counteract the LC double pole, one compensator pole located to nullify the output capacitor ESR zero, with the remaining compensator pole located at one-half switching frequency to attenuate high frequency noise. The resistor divider network to FB determines the desired output voltage. Note that the lower feedback resistor, RFB2, has no impact on the control loop from an AC standpoint because the FB node is the input to an error amplifier and is effectively at AC ground. Hence, the control loop is designed irrespective of output voltage level. The proviso here is the necessary output capacitance derating with bias voltage and temperature.

Table 3. Buck Regulator Poles and Zeros(1)(2)

LM25145 Comp_network_nvsai4.gif
POWER STAGE POLES POWER STAGE ZEROS COMPENSATOR POLES COMPENSATOR ZEROS
LM25145 q_omega_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_omegaESR_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_p1_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_z1_nvsai4.gif
LM25145 q_omegaL_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_p2_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_z2_nvsai4.gif
RESR represents the ESR of the output capacitor COUT.
RDAMP = D · RDS(on)high-side + (1–D) · RDS(on) low-side + RDCR, shown as a lumped element in the schematic, represents the effective series damping resistance.

The small-signal open-loop response of a buck regulator is the product of modulator, power train and compensator transfer functions. The power stage transfer function can be represented as a complex pole pair associated with the output LC filter and a zero related to the ESR of the output capacitor. The DC (and low frequency) gain of the modulator and power stage is VIN/VRAMP. The gain from COMP to the average voltage at the input of the LC filter is held essentially constant by the PWM line feedforward feature of the LM25145 (15 V/V or 23.5 dB).

Complete expressions for small-signal frequency analysis are presented in Table 4. The transfer functions are denoted in normalized form. While the loop gain is of primary importance, a regulator is not specified directly by its loop gain but by its performance related characteristics, namely closed-loop output impedance and audio susceptibility.

Table 4. Buck Regulator Small-Signal Analysis

TRANSFER FUNCTION EXPRESSION
Open-loop transfer function LM25145 q_Tv_nvsai4.gif
Duty-cycle-to-output transfer function LM25145 q_Gvd_nvs896.gif
Compensator transfer function(1) LM25145 q_Gc_nvs896.gif
Modulator transfer function LM25145 q_Fm_nvs896.gif
Kmid = RC1/RFB1 is the mid-band gain of the compensator. By expressing one of the compensator zeros in inverted zero format, the mid-band gain is denoted explicitly.

An illustration of the open-loop response gain and phase is given in Figure 43. The poles and zeros of the system are marked with x and o symbols, respectively, and a + symbol indicates the crossover frequency. When plotted on a log (dB) scale, the open-loop gain is effectively the sum of the individual gain components from the modulator, power stage, and compensator (see Figure 44). The open-loop response of the system is measured experimentally by breaking the loop, injecting a variable-frequency oscillator signal and recording the ensuing frequency response using a network analyzer setup.

LM25145 bodeplot_nvs896.gif Figure 43. Typical Buck Regulator Loop Gain and Phase With Voltage-Mode Control

If the pole located at ωp1 cancels the zero located at ωESR and the pole at ωp2 is located well above crossover, the expression for the loop gain, Tv(s) in Table 4, can be manipulated to yield the simplified expression given in Equation 14.

Equation 14. LM25145 q_Tv_simplified_nvsai4.gif

Essentially, a multi-order system is reduced to a single-order approximation by judicious choice of compensator components. A simple solution for the crossover frequency, denoted as fc in Figure 43, with Type-III voltage-mode compensation is derived as shown in Equation 15 and Equation 16.

Equation 15. LM25145 q_fc_nvsai4.gif
Equation 16. LM25145 q_Kmid_nvsai4.gif
LM25145 gain_components_nvs896.gif Figure 44. Buck Regulator Constituent Gain Components

The loop crossover frequency is usually selected between one-tenth to one-fifth of switching frequency. Inserting an appropriate crossover frequency into Equation 15 gives a target for the mid-band gain of the compensator, Kmid. Given an initial value for RFB1, RFB2 is then selected based on the desired output voltage. Values for RC1, RC2, CC1, CC2 and CC3 are calculated from the design expressions listed in Table 5, with the premise that the compensator poles and zeros are set as follows: ωz1 = 0.5·ωo, ωz2 = ωo, ωp1 = ωESR, ωp2 = ωSW/2.

Table 5. Compensation Component Selection

RESISTORS CAPACITORS
LM25145 q_Rfb2_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_Cc1_nvsai4.gif
LM25145 q_Rc1_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_Cc2_nvsai4.gif
LM25145 q_Rc2_nvsai4.gif LM25145 q_Cc3_nvsai4.gif

Referring to the bode plot in Figure 43, the phase margin, indicated as φM, is the difference between the loop phase and –180° at crossover. A target of 50° to 70° for this parameter is considered ideal. Additional phase boost is dialed in by locating the compensator zeros at a frequency lower than the LC double pole (hence why CC1 is scaled by a factor of 2 above). This helps mitigate the phase dip associated with the LC filter, particularly at light loads when the Q-factor is higher and the phase dip becomes especially prominent. The ramification of low phase in the frequency domain is an under-damped transient response in the time domain.

The power supply designer now has all the necessary expressions to optimally position the loop crossover frequency while maintaining adequate phase margin over the required line, load and temperature operating ranges. The LM25145 Quickstart Calculator is available to expedite these calculations and to adjust the bode plot as needed.

EMI Filter Design

Switching regulators exhibit negative input impedance, which is lowest at the minimum input voltage. An underdamped LC filter exhibits a high output impedance at the resonant frequency of the filter. For stability, the filter output impedance must be less than the absolute value of the converter input impedance.

Equation 17. LM25145 q_Zin_nvsai4.gif

The EMI filter design steps are as follows:

  • Calculate the required attenuation of the EMI filter at the switching frequency, where CIN represents the existing capacitance at the input of the switching converter;
  • Input filter inductor LIN is usually selected between 1 μH and 10 μH, but it can be lower to reduce losses in a high current design;
  • Calculate input filter capacitor CF.

LM25145 LM5145_InputFilter_nvsai4.gif Figure 45. Buck Regulator With π-Stage EMI Filter

By calculating the first harmonic current from the Fourier series of the input current waveform and multiplying it by the input impedance (the impedance is defined by the existing input capacitor CIN), a formula is derived to obtain the required attenuation as shown by Equation 18.

Equation 18. LM25145 q_Attn_nvsai4.gif

VMAX is the allowed dBμV noise level for the applicable EMI standard, for example EN55022 Class B. CIN is the existing input capacitance of the buck regulator, DMAX is the maximum duty cycle, and IPEAK is the peak inductor current. For filter design purposes, the current at the input can be modeled as a square-wave. Determine the EMI filter capacitance CF from Equation 19.

Equation 19. LM25145 q_Cf_nvsai4.gif

Adding an input filter to a switching regulator modifies the control-to-output transfer function. The output impedance of the filter must be sufficiently small such that the input filter does not significantly affect the loop gain of the buck converter. The impedance peaks at the filter resonant frequency. The resonant frequency of the filter is given by Equation 20.

Equation 20. LM25145 q_fres_nvsai4.gif

The purpose of RD is to reduce the peak output impedance of the filter at the resonant frequency. Capacitor CD blocks the DC component of the input voltage to avoid excessive power dissipation in RD. Capacitor CD should have lower impedance than RD at the resonant frequency with a capacitance value greater than that of the input capacitor CIN. This prevents CIN from interfering with the cutoff frequency of the main filter. Added damping is needed when the output impedance of the filter is high at the resonant frequency (Q of filter formed by LIN and CIN is too high). An electrolytic capacitor CD can be used for damping with a value given by Equation 21.

Equation 21. LM25145 q_Cd_nvsai4.gif

Select the damping resistor RD using Equation 22.

Equation 22. LM25145 q_Rd_nvsai4.gif

Typical Applications

LM25145 TIDesignsLogo.png
For step-by-step design procedure, circuit schematics, bill of materials, PCB files, simulation and test results of an LM25145-powered implementation, please refer to TI Designs reference design library.

Design 1 – 20-A High-Efficiency Synchronous Buck Regulator for Telecom Power Applications

Figure 46 shows the schematic diagram of a 5-V, 20-A buck regulator with a switching frequency of 500 kHz. In this example, the target full-load efficiency is 94% at a nominal input voltage of 24 V that ranges from 6.5 V to as high as 32 V. The switching frequency is set by means of a synchronization input signal at 500 kHz, and the free-running switching frequency (in the event that the synchronization signal is removed) is set at 450 kHz by resistor RRT. In terms of control loop performance, the target loop crossover frequency is 70 kHz with a phase margin greater than 50°. The output voltage soft-start time is 4 ms.

LM25145 LM25145_schematic_design1_nvsat9.gif Figure 46. Application Circuit #1 With LM25145 24-V to 5-V, 20-A Buck Regulator at 500 kHz

NOTE

This and subsequent design examples are provided herein to showcase the LM25145 controller in several different applications. Depending on the source impedance of the input supply bus, an electrolytic capacitor may be required at the input to ensure stability, particularly at low input voltage and high output current operating conditions. See Power Supply Recommendations for more detail.

Design Requirements

The intended input, output, and performance-related parameters pertinent to this design example are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Design Parameters

DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state) 6.5 V to 32 V
Input transient voltage (peak) 42 V
Output voltage and current 5 V, 20 A
Input voltage UVLO thresholds 6.5 V on, 6 V off
Switching frequency (SYNC in) 500 kHz
Output voltage regulation ±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation < 100 mV

Detailed Design Procedure

The design procedure for an LM25145-based regulator for a given application is streamlined by using the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator available as a free download, or by availing of TI's WEBENCH® Power Designer.

The selected buck converter powertrain components are cited in Table 7, and many of the components are available from multiple vendors. The MOSFETs in particular are chosen for both lowest conduction and switching power loss, as discussed in detail in Power MOSFETs.

The current limit setpoint in this design is set at 26 A based on the resistor RILIM and the 2-mΩ RDS(on) of the low-side MOSFET (typical at TJ = 25°C and VGS = 7.5 V). This design uses a low-DCR, metal-powder inductor and an all-ceramic output capacitor implementation.

Table 7. List of Materials for Design 1

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 7 10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic TDK C3225X7R1H106M
Murata GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX 12105C106KAT2A
Kemet C1210C106K5RACTU
Taiyo Yuden UMK325AB7106MM-T
COUT 7 47 µF, 10 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic Murata GRM32ER71A476KE15L
Taiyo Yuden LMK325B7476MM-TR
AVX 1210ZC476KAT2A
Kemet C1210C476M8RAC7800
LF 1 1 µH, 2.3 mΩ, 40 A, 11.15 × 10 × 3.8 mm Cyntec CMLE104T-1R0MS2R307
1.2 µH, 1.8 mΩ, 25 A, 10.2 × 10.2 × 4.7 mm Würth Electronik WE HCI 744325120
1 µH, 2.3 mΩ, 38 A, 10.9 × 10 × 5.0 mm Panasonic ETQP5M1R0YLC
1 µH, 2.2 mΩ, 36 A, 10.5 × 10 × 6.5 mm TDK SPM10065VT-D
Q1 1 40 V, 3.7 mΩ, high-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6 Texas Instruments CSD18503Q5A
Q2 1 40 V, 2 mΩ, low-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6 Texas Instruments CSD18511Q5A
U1 1 Wide VIN synchronous buck controller Texas Instruments LM25145RGYR

Custom Design With WEBENCH® Tools

Click here to create a custom design using the LM25145 device with the WEBENCH® Power Designer.

  1. Start by entering the input voltage (VIN), output voltage (VOUT), and output current (IOUT) requirements.
  2. Optimize the design for key parameters such as efficiency, footprint, and cost using the optimizer dial.
  3. Compare the generated design with other possible solutions from Texas Instruments.

The WEBENCH Power Designer provides a customized schematic along with a list of materials with real-time pricing and component availability.

In most cases, these actions are available:

  • Run electrical simulations to see important waveforms and circuit performance
  • Run thermal simulations to understand board thermal performance
  • Export customized schematic and layout into popular CAD formats
  • Print PDF reports for the design, and share the design with colleagues

Get more information about WEBENCH tools at www.ti.com/WEBENCH.

Application Curves

LM25145 D050_snvsat9.gif
SYNCIN tied to VCC
Figure 47. Efficiency and Power Loss vs IOUT and VIN, CCM
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_Startup_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN step to 24 V 0.25-Ω Load
Figure 49. Start-Up, 20-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_ENABLE_ON_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V 0.25-Ω Load
Figure 51. ENABLE ON, 20-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_Load_transient1020_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V
Figure 53. Load Transient Response, 10 A to 20 A to 10 A
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_SYNCOUT_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V IOUT = 0 A
Figure 55. SYNCOUT and SW Node Voltages
LM25145 D051_snvsat9.gif
SYNCIN tied to GND
Figure 48. Efficiency and Power Loss vs IOUT and VIN, DCM
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_Shutdown_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN 24 V to 6 V 0.25-Ω Load
Figure 50. Shutdown Through Input UVLO, 20-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_ENABLE_OFF_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V 0.25-Ω Load
Figure 52. ENABLE OFF, 20-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_Load_transient020_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V
Figure 54. Load Transient Response, 0 A to 20 A to 0 A
LM25145 LM25145_5V20A_SWNode_20A_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V IOUT = 20 A
Figure 56. SW Node Voltage

Design 2 – High Density, 12-V, 8-A Rail With LDO Low-Noise Auxiliary Output for Industrial Applications

Figure 57 shows the schematic diagram of a 425-kHz, 12-V output, 8-A synchronous buck regulator intended for RF power applications.

An auxiliary 10-V, 800-mA rail to power noise-sensitive circuits is available using the LP38798 ultra-low noise LDO as a post-regulator. The internal pullup of the EN pin of the LP38798 facilitates direct connection to the PGOOD of the LM25145 for sequential start-up control.

LM25145 LM25145_schematic_design2_nvsat9.gif Figure 57. Application Circuit #2 With LM25145 24-V to 12-V Synchronous Buck Regulator at 425 kHz

Design Requirements

The required input, output, and performance parameters for this application example are shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Design Parameters

DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state) 14.4 V to 36 V
Input transient voltage (peak) 42 V
Output voltage and current 12 V, 8 A
Input UVLO thresholds 14 V on, 13.2 V off
Switching frequency 425 kHz
Output voltage regulation ±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation, 4-A load step, 1 A/µs < 150 mV

Detailed Design Procedure

A high power density, high-efficiency regulator solution is realized by using TI NexFET™ Power MOSFETs, such as CSD18543Q3A (60-V, 8.5-mΩ MOSFET in a SON 3.3-mm × 3.3-mm package), together with a low-DCR inductor and all-ceramic capacitor design. The design occupies 15 mm × 15 mm on a single-sided PCB. The overcurrent (OC) setpoint in this design is set at 11 A based on the resistor RILIM and the 8.5-mΩ RDS(on) of the low-side MOSFET (typical at TJ = 25°C and VGS = 7.5 V). Connecting VCC to either VOUT1 or VOUT2 using a series diode reduces bias power dissipation and improves efficiency, especially at light loads.

The selected buck converter powertrain components are cited in Table 9, including power MOSFETs, buck inductor, input and output capacitors, and ICs. Using the LM25145 Quickstart Calculator, compensation components are selected based on a target loop crossover frequency of 70 kHz and phase margin greater than 55°. The output voltage soft-start time is 4 ms based on the selected soft-start capacitance, CSS, of 47 nF.

Table 9. List of Materials for Design 2

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 4 10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic TDK C3225X7R1H106M
Murata GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX 12105C106KAT2A
COUT 4 22 µF, 25 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic Murata GRM32ER71E226KE15L
Taiyo Yuden TMK325B7226MM-TR
TDK C3225X7R1E226M
LF 1 5.6 µH, 17 mΩ, 18 A, 10.85 × 10 × 3.8 mm Cyntec CMLS104T-5R6MS
5.6 µH, 20 mΩ, 14 A, 10.85 × 10 × 3.8 mm Delta MPT1040-5R6H1
5.6 µH, 16 mΩ, 12 A, 10.7 × 10 × 4 mm Bourns SRP1040-5R6M
5.6 µH, 19.3 mΩ, 16 A, 11 × 10 × 4 mm Laird MGV10045R6M-10
6.8 µH, 17.5 mΩ, 14 A, 11 × 10 × 3.8 mm Würth Electronik WE-LHMI 74437368068
6.8 µH, 17.9 mΩ, 25 A, 10.5 × 10 × 4 mm TDK SPM10040VT-6R8M-D
6.8 µH, 18.3 mΩ, 12.1 A, 10.7 × 10 × 4 mm Panasonic ETQP4M6R8KVC
Q1, Q2 2 60 V, 8 mΩ, MOSFET, SON 3 × 3 Texas Instruments CSD18543Q3A
U1 1 Wide VIN synchronous buck controller Texas Instruments LM25145RGYR
U2 1 Ultra-low noise and high-PSRR LDO for RF and analog circuits, 4-mm × 4-mm 12-pin WSON Texas Instruments LP38798SD-ADJ

If needed, a 2.2-Ω resistor can be added in series with CBST is used to slow the turn-on transition of the high-side MOSFET, reducing the spike amplitude and ringing of the SW node voltage and minimizing the possibility of Cdv/dt-induced shoot-through of the low-side MOSFET. If needed, place an RC snubber (for example, 2.2 Ω and 100 pF) close to the drain (SW node) and source (PGND) terminals of the low-side MOSFET to further attenuate any SW node voltage overshoot and/or ringing. Please refer to the application note Reduce Buck Converter EMI and Voltage Stress by Minimizing Inductive Parasitics for more detail.

Application Curves

LM25145 D052_snvsat9.gif
Figure 58. Efficiency vs IOUT and VIN
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_Startup_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN step to 24 V 1.5-Ω Load
Figure 60. Start-Up, 8-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM5145_12V10A_ENABLE_ON_waveform_nvsai4.gif
VIN = 24 V 1.5-Ω Load
Figure 62. ENABLE ON, 8-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_PreBiasedStartup_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V IOUT = 0 A
Figure 64. Pre-Biased Start-Up
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_Load_transient484_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V
Figure 66. Load Transient Response, 4 A to 8 A to 4 A
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_LineStepHigh_waveform_nvsat9.gif
IOUT = 8 A
Figure 68. Line Transient Response, 18 V to 36 V
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_SYNCOUT_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V IOUT = 4 A
Figure 59. SYNCOUT and SW Node Voltages
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_Shutdown_waveform_nvsat9.gif
1.5-Ω Load
Figure 61. Shutdown Through Input UVLO, 8-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM5145_12V10A_ENABLE_OFF_waveform_nvsai4.gif
VIN = 24 V 1.5-Ω Load
Figure 63. ENABLE OFF, 8-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_SWandVOUT_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V IOUT = 0 A
Figure 65. SW Node and VOUT Ripple
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_Load_transient080_waveform_nvsat9.gif
VIN = 24 V
Figure 67. Load Transient Response, 0.8 A to 8 A to 0.8 A
LM25145 LM25145_12V8A_LineStepLow_waveform_nvsat9.gif
IOUT = 8 A
Figure 69. Line Transient Response, 36 V to 18 V

Design 3 – Powering a Multicore DSP From a 24-V Rail

LM25145 PowerHouseBanner_nvsat9.gif
For technical solutions, industry trends, and insights for designing and managing power supplies, please refer to TI's Power House blog series.

Figure 70 shows the schematic diagram of a 10-A synchronous buck regulator for a DSP core voltage supply.

LM25145 LM25145_schematic_design3_nvsat9.gif Figure 70. Application Circuit #3 With LM25145 DSP Core Voltage Supply

Design Requirements

For this application example, the intended input, output, and performance parameters are listed in Table 10.

Table 10. Design Parameters

DESIGN PARAMETER VALUE
Input voltage range (steady-state) 6 V to 36 V
Input transient voltage (peak) 42 V
Output voltage and current 0.9 V to 1.1 V, 10 A
Output voltage regulation ±1%
Load transient peak voltage deviation, 10-A step < 120 mV
Switching frequency 300 kHz

Detailed Design Procedure

The schematic diagram of a 300-kHz, 24-V nominal input, 10-A regulator powering a KeyStone™ DSP is given in Figure 70. This high step-down ratio design leverages the low 40-ns minimum controllable on-time of the LM25145 controller to achieve stable, efficient operation at very low duty cycles. 60-V power MOSFETs, such as TI's CSD18543Q3A and CSD18531Q5A NexFET devices, are used together with a low-DCR, metal-powder inductor, and ceramic output capacitor implementation. An external rail between 8 V and 13 V powers VCC to minimize bias power dissipation, and a blocking diode connected to the VIN pin is used as recommended in Figure 32.

The important components for this design are listed in Table 11.

Table 11. List of Materials for Design 3

REFERENCE DESIGNATOR QTY SPECIFICATION MANUFACTURER PART NUMBER
CIN 3 10 µF, 50 V, X7R, 1210, ceramic TDK C3225X7R1H106M
Murata GRM32ER71H106KA12L
AVX 12105C106KAT2A
COUT 4 100 µF, 6.3V, X7S, 1210, ceramic Murata GRM32EC70J107ME15L
Taiyo Yuden JMK325AC7107MM-P
100 µF, 6.3V, X5R, 1206, ceramic Murata GRM31CR60J107ME39K
TDK C3216X5R0J107M
Würth Electronik 885012108005
LF 1 1 µH, 5.6 mΩ, 16 A, 6.95 × 6.6 × 2.8 mm Cyntec CMLE063T-1R0MS
1 µH, 5.5 mΩ, 12 A, 6.65 × 6.45 × 3.0 mm Würth Electronik WE XHMI 74439344010
1 µH, 7.9 mΩ, 16 A, 6.5 × 6.0 × 3.0 mm Panasonic ETQP3M1R0YFN
1 µH, 6.95 mΩ, 18 A, 6.76 × 6.56 × 3.1 mm Coilcraft XEL6030-102ME
Q1 1 60 V, 8.5 mΩ, high-side MOSFET, SON 3 × 3 Texas Instruments CSD18543Q3A
Q2 1 60 V, 4 mΩ, low-side MOSFET, SON 5 × 6 Texas Instruments CSD18531Q5A
U1 1 Wide VIN synchronous buck controller Texas Instruments LM25145RGYR
U2 1 6- or 4-bit VID voltage programmer, WSON-10 Texas Instruments LM10011SD
U3 1 KeyStone™ DSP Texas Instruments TMS320C667x

The regulator output current requirements are dependent upon the baseline and activity power consumption of the DSP in a real-use case. While baseline power is highly dependent on voltage, temperature and DSP frequency, activity power relates to dynamic core utilization, DDR3 memory access, peripherals, and so on. To this end, the IDAC_OUT pin of the LM10011 connects to the LM25145 FB pin to allow continuous optimization of the core voltage. The SmartReflex-enabled DSP provides 6-bit information using the VCNTL open-drain I/Os to command the output voltage setpoint with 6.4-mV step resolution.(1)

Application Curves

LM25145 D043_snvsai4.gif
VOUT = 1.1 V VAUX = 8 V
Figure 71. Efficiency vs IOUT and VIN
LM25145 LM5145_1V10A_ENABLE_waveform_nvsai4.gif
VIN = 24 V 0.11-Ω Load
Figure 73. ENABLE ON and OFF, 10-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM5145_1V10A_Startup_waveform_nvsai4.gif
VIN step to 24 V 0.11-Ω Load
Figure 72. Start-Up, 10-A Resistive Load
LM25145 LM5145_1V10A_Load_transient_0A10A_waveform_nvsai4.gif
VIN = 24 V
Figure 74. Load Transient Response, 0 A to 10 A to 0 A