SLYY234 December   2024 AMC0106M05 , AMC0106M25 , AMC0136 , AMC0311D , AMC0311S , AMC0386 , AMC0386-Q1 , AMC1100 , AMC1106M05 , AMC1200 , AMC1200-Q1 , AMC1202 , AMC1203 , AMC1204 , AMC1211-Q1 , AMC1300 , AMC1300B-Q1 , AMC1301 , AMC1301-Q1 , AMC1302-Q1 , AMC1303M2510 , AMC1304L25 , AMC1304M25 , AMC1305M25 , AMC1305M25-Q1 , AMC1306M05 , AMC1306M25 , AMC1311 , AMC1311-Q1 , AMC131M03 , AMC1336 , AMC1336-Q1 , AMC1350 , AMC1350-Q1 , AMC23C12 , AMC3301 , AMC3330 , AMC3330-Q1

 

  1.   1
  2.   Introduction
  3.   Introduction to Isolated Signal Chain
    1.     Comparing Isolated Amplifiers and Isolated Modulators
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction to Isolated Amplifiers
      3.      Introduction to Isolated Modulators
      4.      Performance Comparison Between Isolated Amplifiers and Isolated Modulators
      5.      Isolated Modulators in Traction Inverters
      6.      Isolated Amplifier and Modulator Recommendations
      7.      Conclusion
    2.     TI’s First Isolated Amplifiers With Ultra-Wide Creepage and Clearance
      1.      Application Brief
  4.   Selection Trees
  5.   Current Sensing
    1.     Shunt Resistor Selection for Isolated Data Converters
      1.      17
    2.     Design considerations for isolated current sensing
      1.      19
      2.      Conclusion
      3.      References
      4.      Related Websites
    3.     Isolated Current-Sensing Circuit With ±50-mV Input and Single-Ended Output
      1.      24
    4.     Isolated Current-Sensing Circuit With ±50-mV Input and Differential Output
      1.      26
    5.     Isolated Current-Sensing Circuit With ±250-mV Input Range and Single-Ended Output Voltage
      1.      Design Goals
      2.      Design Description
      3.      Design Notes
      4.      Design Steps
      5.      Design Simulations
      6.      DC Simulation Results
      7.      Closed-Loop AC Simulation Results
      8.      Transient Simulation Results
      9.      Design References
      10.      Design Featured Isolated Amplifier
      11.      Design Alternate Isolated Amplifier
    6.     Isolated current-measurement circuit with ±250-mV input and differential output
      1.      Design Goals
      2.      Design Description
      3.      Design Notes
      4.      Design Steps
      5.      Design Simulations
      6.      DC Simulation Results
      7.      Closed Loop AC Simulation Results
      8.      Transient Simulation Results
      9.      Design References
      10.      Design Featured Op Amp
      11.      Design Alternate Op Amp
    7.     Isolated Overcurrent Protection Circuit
      1.      52
    8.     Interfacing a Differential-Output (Isolated) Amp to a Single-Ended Input ADC
      1.      54
    9.     Utilizing AMC3311 to Power AMC23C11 for Isolated Sensing and Fault Detection
      1.      Application Brief
    10.     Isolated Current-Sensing Circuit With Front-End Gain Stage
      1.      58
    11.     Accuracy Comparison of Isolated Shunt and Closed-Loop Current Sensing
      1.      60
  6.   Voltage Sensing
    1.     Maximizing Power Conversion and Motor Control Efficiency With Isolated Voltage Sensing
      1.      63
      2.      Solutions for high-voltage sensing
      3.      Integrated resistor devices
      4.      Single-ended output devices
      5.      Integrated isolated voltage-sensing use cases
      6.      Conclusion
      7.      Additional resources
    2.     Increased Accuracy and Performance with Integrated High Voltage Resistor Isolated Amplifiers and Modulators
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      High Voltage Resistor Isolated Amplifiers and Modulators Advantages
        1.       Space Savings
        2.       Improved Temperature and Lifetime Drift of Integrated HV Resistors
        3.       Accuracy Results
        4.       Fully Integrated Resistors vs. Additional External Resistor Example
        5.       Device Selection Tree and AC/DC Common Use Cases
      4.      Summary
      5.      References
    3.     Isolated Amplifiers With Differential, Single-Ended Fixed Gain and Ratiometric Outputs for Voltage Sensing Applications
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      Overview of Differential, Single-Ended Fixed Gain and Ratiometric Outputs
        1.       Isolated Amplifiers with Differential Output
        2.       Isolated Amplifiers With Single-Ended, Fixed-Gain Output
        3.       Isolated Amplifiers With Single-Ended, Ratiometric Output
      4.      Application Examples
        1.       Product Selection Tree
      5.      Summary
      6.      References
    4.     Isolated Voltage-Measurement Circuit With ±250-mV Input and Differential Output
      1.      93
    5.     Split-Tap Connection for Line-to-Line Isolated Voltage Measurement Using AMC3330
      1.      95
    6.     ±12V Voltage Sensing Circuit With an Isolated Amplifier and Pseudo-Differential Input SAR ADC
      1.      97
    7.     ±12-V voltage sensing circuit with an isolated amplifier and differential input SAR ADC
      1.      99
    8.     Isolated Undervoltage and Overvoltage Detection Circuit
      1.      101
    9.     Isolated Zero-Cross Detection Circuit
      1.      103
    10.     ±480V Isolated Voltage-Sensing Circuit With Differential Output
      1.      105
  7.   EMI Performance
    1.     Best in Class Radiated Emissions EMI Performance with Isolated Amplifiers
      1.      Best in Class Radiated Emissions EMI Performance with Isolated Amplifiers
      2.      Introduction
      3.      Current Generation of Texas Instruments Isolated Amplifiers Radiated Emissions Performance
      4.      Previous Generations of Texas Instruments Isolated Amplifiers Radiated Emissions Performance
      5.      Conclusion
      6.      References
    2.     Best Practices to Attenuate AMC3301 Family Radiated Emissions EMI
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      Effects of Input Connections on AMC3301 Family Radiated Emissions
      4.      Attenuating AMC3301 Family Radiated Emissions
        1.       Ferrite Beads and Common Mode Chokes
        2.       PCB Schematics and Layout Best Practices for AMC3301 Family
      5.      Using Multiple AMC3301 Devices
        1.       Device Orientation
        2.       PCB Layout Best Practices for Multiple AMC3301
      6.      Conclusion
      7.      AMC3301 Family Table
  8.   End Equipment
    1.     Comparing Shunt- and Hall-Based Isolated Current-Sensing Solutions in HEV/EV
      1.      128
    2.     Design Considerations for Current Sensing in DC EV Charging Applications
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
        1.       DC Charging Station for Electric Vehicles
        2.       Current-Sensing Technology Selection and Equivalent Model
          1.        Sensing of the Current With Shunt-Based Solution
          2.        Equivalent Model of the Sensing Technology
      3.      Current Sensing in AC/DC Converters
        1.       Basic Hardware and Control Description of AC/DC
          1.        AC Current Control Loops
          2.        DC Voltage Control Loop
        2.       Point A and B – AC/DC AC Phase-Current Sensing
          1.        Impact of Bandwidth
            1.         Steady State Analysis: Fundamental and Zero Crossing Currents
            2.         Transient Analysis: Step Power and Voltage Sag Response
          2.        Impact of Latency
            1.         Fault Analysis: Grid Short-Circuit
          3.        Impact of Gain Error
            1.         Power Disturbance in AC/DC Caused by Gain Error
            2.         AC/DC Response to Power Disturbance Caused by Gain Error
          4.        Impact of Offset
        3.       Point C and D – AC/DC DC Link Current Sensing
          1.        Impact of Bandwidth on Feedforward Performance
          2.        Impact of Latency on Power Switch Protection
          3.        Impact of Gain Error on Power Measurement
            1.         Transient Analysis: Feedforward in Point D
          4.        Impact of Offset
        4.       Summary of Positives and Negatives at Point A, B, C1/2 and D1/2 and Product Suggestions
      4.      Current Sensing in DC/DC Converters
        1.       Basic Operation Principle of Isolated DC/DC Converter With Phase-Shift Control
        2.       Point E, F - DC/DC Current Sensing
          1.        Impact of Bandwidth
          2.        Impact of Gain Error
          3.        Impact of Offset Error
        3.       Point G - DC/DC Tank Current Sensing
        4.       Summary of Sensing Points E, F, and G and Product Suggestions
      5.      Conclusion
      6.      References
    3.     Using isolated comparators for fault detection in electric motor drives
      1.      Introduction
      2.      Introduction to electric motor drives
      3.      Understanding fault events in electric motor drives
      4.      Achieving reliable detection and protection in electric motor drives
      5.      Use case No. 1: Bidirectional in-phase overcurrent detection
      6.      Use case No. 2: DC+ overcurrent detection
      7.      Use case No. 3: DC– overcurrent or short-circuit detection
      8.      Use case No. 4: DC-link (DC+ to DC–) overvoltage and undervoltage detection
      9.      Use case No. 5: IGBT module overtemperature detection
    4.     Discrete DESAT for Opto-Compatible Isolated Gate Driver UCC23513 in Motor Drives
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      System Challenge on Isolated Gate Drivers With Integrated DESAT
      4.      System Approach With UCC23513 and AMC23C11
        1.       System Overview and Key Specification
        2.       Schematic Design
          1.        Circuit Schematic
          2.        Configure VCE(DESAT) Threshold and DESAT Bias Current
          3.        DESAT Blanking Time
          4.        DESAT Deglitch Filter
        3.       Reference PCB Layout
      5.      Simulation and Test Results
        1.       Simulation Circuit and Results
          1.        Simulation Circuit
          2.        Simulation Results
        2.       Test Results With 3-Phase IGBT Inverter
          1.        Brake IGBT Test
          2.        Test Results on a 3-Phase Inverter With Phase to Phase Short
      6.      Summary
      7.      References
    5.     Isolated voltage sensing in AC motor drives
      1.      Introduction
      2.      Conclusion
      3.      References
    6.     Achieving High-Performance Isolated Current and Voltage Sensing in Server PSUs
      1.      Application Brief
  9.   Additional Reference Designs/Circuits
    1.     Designing a Bootstrap Charge-Pump Power Supply for an Isolated Amplifier
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      Bootstrap Power Supply Design
        1.       Selection of Charge Pump Capacitor
        2.       Simulation in TINA-TI
        3.       Hardware Test with AMC1311-Q1
      4.      Summary
      5.      Reference
    2.     Clock Edge Delay Compensation With Isolated Modulators Digital Interface to MCUs
      1.      Abstract
      2.      Introduction
      3.      Design Challenge With Digital Interface Timing Specifications
      4.      Design Approach With Clock Edge Delay Compensation
        1.       Clock Signal Compensation With Software Configurable Phase Delay
        2.       Clock Signal Compensation With Hardware Configurable Phase Delay
        3.       Clock Signal Compensation by Clock Return
        4.       Clock Signal Compensation by Clock Inversion at the MCU
      5.      Test and Validation
        1.       Test Equipment and Software
        2.       Testing of Clock Signal Compensation With Software Configurable Phase Delay
          1.        Test Setup
          2.        Test Measurement Results
        3.       Testing of Clock Signal Compensation by Clock Inversion at MCU
          1.        Test Setup
          2.        Test Measurement Results
            1.         Test Result – No Clock Inversion of Clock Input at GPIO123
            2.         Test Result – Clock Inversion of Clock Input at GPIO123
        4.       Digital Interface Timing Validation by Calculation Tool
          1.        Digital Interface With No Compensation Method
          2.        Commonly Used Method - Reduction of the Clock Frequency
          3.        Clock Edge Compensation With Software Configurable Phase Delay
      6.      Conclusion
      7.      References
    3.     Utilizing AMC3311 to Power AMC23C11 for Isolated Sensing and Fault Detection
      1.      Application Brief

Application Brief

Several industrial systems such as motor drives, solar and wind power inverters, and automotive systems such as traction inverters require accurate voltage and current measurements at high common-mode voltages. The operating working voltages in these systems are going increasingly higher to increase output power, overall efficiency and reduce cost. Higher DC bus voltages enable higher power ratings without increasing current levels, which keeps copper costs the same. This helps reduce the per-unit cost of energy generated. Another bonus of higher voltage is increased efficiency because the total power output can increase with higher voltage, but when current does not change, the conduction losses also remain the same.

In photovoltaic systems (PV), there is a trend in upgrading designs from 1000 V DC voltages to 1500 V DC voltages to reap the benefits elaborated by increased operating voltages. There are regulatory safety standards such as IEC 62109-2 in photovoltaic systems to address potential electrical hazards associated with the increased voltage.

In motor drive (MD) systems, IEC61800-5-1 is used to address the potential electrical hazards. Higher voltage grids such as 690 VAC are more cost effective to install and operate for high-power applications, therefore, they are commonly found in high-power industrial environments.

In welding equipments for industrial and professional use, IEC 60974-1 specifies the safety and performance requirements of the supply and welding circuit to protect against electric shock.

In electric vehicles (EVs), there is a strong trend to increase electric vehicle battery voltage to lower system weight, reduce charging time and increase range.

Need for High-Creepage and High-Clearance Products

While designing these systems, the engineers need to consider the relevant regulatory safety standards and several requirements such as working and transient voltages, pollution degree, and altitudes to define the minimum creepage and clearance requirements.

Most reinforced isolated amplifiers come in a SOIC package with less than 9 mm of clearance and creepage specification. Improved and wider packages prevent degradation along the package surface and arcing through the air between pins, which ensures isolation quality. Systems with working voltages greater than 1000 VRMS, impulse voltage requirements greater than 8000 V, or systems designed for altitudes greater than 2000 m or for a pollution degree 2 or higher, may require clearance and creepage distances greater than 9 mm depending on the overvoltage category of the designed system.

Introducing AMC1411 and AMC1400 in Stretched SOIC (DWL) Package

To address the requirements for higher creepage and clearances, Texas Instrument’s released a family of high-performance reinforced isolated amplifiers, AMC1411 (Figure 5) and AMC1400 (Figure 6).

Isolated Voltage Sensing With AMC1411 Figure 5 Isolated Voltage Sensing With AMC1411
Isolated Current Sensing With AMC1400Figure 6 Isolated Current Sensing With AMC1400

These products come in a stretched SOIC (DWL) package (Figure 7) with clearance of ≥14.7 mm and creepage of ≥15.7 mm and are specifically designed for use in high-voltage, high-altitude and high-pollution degree environments.

DWL Package, 8-Pin SOIC Figure 7 DWL Package, 8-Pin SOIC

AMC1411 and AMC1400 offer 10600-VPK reinforced isolation per DIN VDE V 0884-11 (VIOTM) and 7500-VRMS isolation for 1 minute per UL1577 (VISO). The high isolation voltage rating and high common-mode transient immunity (CMTI) of 100 kV/µs ensure reliable and accurate operation even in harsh industrial and automotive environments.

The 0-2 V input voltage range, high input impedance, low input bias current, excellent accuracy, and low temperature drift make the AMC1411 a high-performance solution for isolated voltage sensing.

The ±250 mV input voltage range, very low nonlinearity, and temperature drift make the AMC1400 a high-performance solution for isolated shunt-based current sensing.

AMC1411 and AMC1400 in Motor Drives

Figure 8 shows a 3-phase motor-drive application that uses the AMC1411 to monitor DC-link voltage and AMC1400 to monitor the in-phase motor current per phase.

AMC1411 and AMC1400 in Motor Drives Figure 8 AMC1411 and AMC1400 in Motor Drives

AMC1411 is used to measure the DC-link voltage divided down to an approximate 2 V level across the bottom resistor of a high-impedance resistive divider. The output of the AMC1411 is a differential analog output voltage of the same value as the input voltage but is galvanically isolated from the high-side by a reinforced isolation barrier.

AMC1400 is used to measure the in-phase motor current by sensing the voltage drop across the in-phase shunt to the motor.