SLUS606P June   2004  – November 2015 BQ24103A , BQ24104 , BQ24109 , BQ24113A

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Revision History
  5. Device Options
  6. Pin Configuration and Functions
  7. Specifications
    1. 7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 7.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 7.4 Thermal Information
    5. 7.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 7.6 Dissipation Ratings
    7. 7.7 Typical Characteristics
  8. Detailed Description
    1. 8.1 Overview
    2. 8.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 8.3 Feature Description
      1. 8.3.1  PWM Controller
      2. 8.3.2  Temperature Qualification
      3. 8.3.3  Battery Preconditioning (Precharge)
      4. 8.3.4  Battery Charge Current
      5. 8.3.5  Battery Voltage Regulation
      6. 8.3.6  Charge Termination and Recharge
      7. 8.3.7  Sleep Mode
      8. 8.3.8  Charge Status Outputs
      9. 8.3.9  PG Output
      10. 8.3.10 CE Input (Charge Enable)
      11. 8.3.11 Timer Fault Recovery
      12. 8.3.12 Output Overvoltage Protection (Applies to All Versions)
      13. 8.3.13 Functional Description For System-Controlled Version (bq2411x)
      14. 8.3.14 Precharge and Fast-Charge Control
      15. 8.3.15 Charge Termination and Safety Timers
      16. 8.3.16 Battery Detection
        1. 8.3.16.1 Battery Detection Example
      17. 8.3.17 Current Sense Amplifier
    4. 8.4 Device Functional Modes
  9. Application and Implementation
    1. 9.1 Application Information
    2. 9.2 Typical Application
      1. 9.2.1 Design Requirements
      2. 9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        1. 9.2.2.1 Inductor, Capacitor, and Sense Resistor Selection Guidelines
      3. 9.2.3 Application Curve
    3. 9.3 System Examples
  10. 10Power Supply Recommendations
  11. 11Layout
    1. 11.1 Layout Guidelines
    2. 11.2 Layout Example
    3. 11.3 Thermal Considerations
  12. 12Device and Documentation Support
    1. 12.1 Device Support
      1. 12.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
    2. 12.2 Documentation Support
      1. 12.2.1 Related Documentation
    3. 12.3 Related Links
    4. 12.4 Community Resources
    5. 12.5 Trademarks
    6. 12.6 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    7. 12.7 Glossary
  13. 13Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

9 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

9.1 Application Information

The bqSWITCHER™ battery charger supports precision Li-ion or Li-polymer charging system for single- or two-cell application. The design example below shows the design consideration for a 1-cell application.

9.2 Typical Application

bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 tc_app1_lus606.gif Figure 13. Stand-Alone, 1-Cell Application

9.2.1 Design Requirements

For this design example, use the parameters listed in Table 3.

Table 3. Design Parameters

DESIGN PARAMETER EXAMPLE VALUE
AC adapter voltage (VIN) 16 V
Battery charge voltage (number of cells in series) 4.2 V (1 cell)
Battery charge current (during fast charge phase) 1.33 A
Precharge and termination current 0.133 A
Safety timer 5 hours
Inductor ripple current 30% of fast charge current (0.4 A)
Charging temperature range 0°C to 45°C

9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

  • VIN = 16 V
  • VBAT = 4.2 V (1-Cell)
  • ICHARGE = 1.33 A
  • IPRECHARGE = ITERM = 133 mA
  • Safety Timer = 5 hours
  • Inductor Ripple Current = 30% of Fast Charge Current
  • Initiate Charge Temperature = 0°C to 45°C
  1. Determine the inductor value (LOUT) for the specified charge current ripple:
  2. Equation 12. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q16_delta_lus688.gif

    Set the output inductor to standard 10 μH. Calculate the total ripple current with using the 10 μH inductor:

    Equation 13. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q17_delti_lus688.gif

    Calculate the maximum output current (peak current):

    Equation 14. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q18_ilpk_lus688.gif

    Use standard 10 μH inductor with a saturation current higher than 1.471 A. (that is, Sumida CDRH74-100)

  3. Determine the output capacitor value (OUT) using 16 kHz as the resonant frequency:
  4. Equation 15. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q19_fo_lus688.gif

    Use standard value 10 μF, 25 V, X5R, ±20% ceramic capacitor (that is, Panasonic 1206 ECJ-3YB1E106M

  5. Determine the sense resistor using the following equation:
  6. Equation 16. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q20_rsns_lus688.gif

    In order to get better current regulation accuracy (±10%), let VRSNS be between 100 mV and 200 mV. Use VRSNS = 100 mV and calculate the value for the sense resistor.

    Equation 17. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q21_rsns2_lus688.gif

    This value is not standard in resistors. If this happens, then choose the next larger value which in this case is 0.1 Ω. Using the same Equation 15 the actual VRSNS will be 133 mV. Calculate the power dissipation on the sense resistor:

    Equation 18. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q22_prsns_lus688.gif

    Select standard value 100 mΩ, 0.25 W 0805, 1206 or 2010 size, high precision sensing resistor. (that is., Vishay CRCW1210-0R10F)

  7. Determine ISET 1 resistor using the following equation:
  8. Equation 19. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q23_riset1_lus688.gif

    Select standard value 7.5 kΩ, 1/16W ±1% resistor (that is, Vishay CRCWD0603-7501-F)

  9. Determine ISET 2 resistor using the following equation:
  10. Equation 20. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q24_riset2_lus688.gif

    Select standard value 7.5 kΩ, 1/16W ±1% resistor (that is, Vishay CRCWD0603-7501-F)

  11. Determine TTC capacitor (TTC) for the 5.0 hours safety timer using the following equation:
  12. Equation 21. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q25_cttc_lus688.gif

    Select standard value 100 nF, 16V, X7R, ±10% ceramic capacitor (that is, Panasonic ECJ-1VB1C104K). Using this capacitor the actual safety timer will be 4.3 hours.

  13. Determine TS resistor network for an operating temperature range from 0°C to 45°C.
  14. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 res_nwk_lus688.gif Figure 14. TS Resistor Network

    Assuming a 103AT NTC Thermistor on the battery pack, determine the values for RT1 and RT2 using the following equations:

    Equation 22. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q36_lus688.gif
    Equation 23. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q26_vltf_lus688.gif

9.2.2.1 Inductor, Capacitor, and Sense Resistor Selection Guidelines

The bqSWITCHER™ provides internal loop compensation. With this scheme, best stability occurs when LC resonant frequency, fo is approximately 16 kHz (8 kHz to 32 kHz). Use Equation 24 to calculate the value of the output inductor and capacitor. Table 4 provides a summary of typical component values for various charge rates.

Equation 24. bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 q_f0_lus606.gif

Table 4. Output Components Summary

CHARGE CURRENT 0.5 A 1 A 2 A
Output inductor, LOUT 22 μH 10 μH 4.7 μH
Output capacitor, COUT 4.7 μF 10 μF 22 μF (or 2 × 10 μF) ceramic
Sense resistor, R(SNS) 0.2 Ω 0.1 Ω 0.05 Ω

9.2.3 Application Curve

bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 eff_1cell_ibat_lus606.gif Figure 15. Efficiency vs Charge Current

9.3 System Examples

bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 tc_app2_lus606.gif
Zener diode not needed for bq24103A and bq24104.
Figure 16. Stand-Alone, 2-Cell Application
bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 tc_app3_lus606.gif Figure 17. Stand-Alone, 2-Cell Application
bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 tc_app4_lus606.gif
Zener diode not needed for bq24113A.
Figure 18. System-Controlled Application

Figure 19 shows charging a battery and powering system without affecting battery charge and termination.

bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 ai_batt_pwr_lus606.gif Figure 19. Application Circuit for Charging a Battery and Powering a System
Without Affecting Termination

The bqSWITCHER™ was designed as a stand-alone battery charger but can be easily adapted to power a system load, while considering a few minor issues.

Advantages:

  1. The charger controller is based only on what current goes through the current-sense resistor (so precharge, constant current, and termination all work well), and is not affected by the system load.
  2. The input voltage has been converted to a usable system voltage with good efficiency from the input.
  3. Extra external FETs are not needed to switch power source to the battery.
  4. The TTC pin can be grounded to disable termination and keep the converter running and the battery fully charged, or let the switcher terminate when the battery is full and then run off of the battery via the sense resistor.

Other Issues:

  1. If the system load current is large (≥ 1 A), the IR drop across the battery impedance causes the battery voltage to drop below the refresh threshold and start a new charge. The charger would then terminate due to low charge current. Therefore, the charger would cycle between charging and termination. If the load is smaller, the battery would have to discharge down to the refresh threshold resulting in a much slower cycling. Note that grounding the TTC pin keeps the converter on continuously.
  2. If TTC is grounded, the battery is kept at 4.2 V (not much different than leaving a fully charged battery set unloaded).
  3. Efficiency declines 2-3% hit when discharging through the sense resistor to the system.

The following system example shows charging a battery and powering system without affecting battery charge and termination.

bq24100 bq24103 bq24103A bq24104 bq24105 bq24108 bq24109 bq24113 bq24113A bq24115 tc_app19_lus606.gif Figure 20. 1-Cell LiFePO4 Application

The LiFePO4 battery has many unique features such as a high thermal runaway temperature, discharge current capability, and charge current. These special features make it attractive in many applications such as power tools. The recommended charge voltage is 3.6 V and termination current is 50 mA. Figure 20 shows an application circuit for charging one cell LiFePO4 using bq24105. The charge voltage is 3.6 V and recharge voltage is 3.516 V. The fast charging current is set to 1.33 A while the termination current is 50 mA. This circuit can be easily changed to support two or three cell applications. However, only 84 mV difference between regulation set point and rechargeable threshold makes it frequently enter into recharge mode when small load current is applied. This can be solved by lower down the recharge voltage threshold to 200 mV to discharge more energy from the battery before it enters recharge mode again. See the application report, Using the bq24105/25 to Charge LiFePO4 Battery, SLUA443, for additional details. The recharge threshold should be selected according to real application conditions.