SNVS712H February   2010  – August 2015 LMZ22008

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Revision History
  5. Pin Configuration and Functions
  6. Specifications
    1. 6.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 6.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 6.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 6.4 Thermal Information
    5. 6.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 6.6 Typical Characteristics
  7. Detailed Description
    1. 7.1 Overview
    2. 7.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 7.3 Feature Description
      1. 7.3.1 Synchronization Input
      2. 7.3.2 Current Sharing
      3. 7.3.3 Output Overvoltage Protection
      4. 7.3.4 Current Limit
      5. 7.3.5 Thermal Protection
      6. 7.3.6 Prebiased Start-Up
    4. 7.4 Device Functional Modes
      1. 7.4.1 Discontinuous Conduction and Continuous Conduction Modes
  8. Application and Implementation
    1. 8.1 Application Information
    2. 8.2 Typical Application
      1. 8.2.1 Design Requirements
      2. 8.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        1. 8.2.2.1 Design Steps
        2. 8.2.2.2 Enable Divider, RENT, RENB and RENH Selection
        3. 8.2.2.3 Output Voltage Selection
        4. 8.2.2.4 Soft-Start Capacitor Selection
        5. 8.2.2.5 Tracking Supply Divider Option
        6. 8.2.2.6 COUT Selection
        7. 8.2.2.7 CIN Selection
        8. 8.2.2.8 Discontinuous Conduction and Continuous Conduction Modes Selection
      3. 8.2.3 Application Curves
  9. Power Supply Recommendations
  10. 10Layout
    1. 10.1 Layout Guidelines
    2. 10.2 Layout Examples
    3. 10.3 Power Dissipation and Thermal Considerations
    4. 10.4 Power Module SMT Guidelines
  11. 11Device and Documentation Support
    1. 11.1 Device Support
      1. 11.1.1 Third-Party Products Disclaimer
      2. 11.1.2 Development Support
    2. 11.2 Documentation Support
      1. 11.2.1 Related Documentation
    3. 11.3 Community Resources
    4. 11.4 Trademarks
    5. 11.5 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    6. 11.6 Glossary
  12. 12Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information

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8 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

8.1 Application Information

The LMZ22008 is a step-down DC-to-DC power module. It is typically used to convert a higher DC voltage to a lower DC voltage with a maximum output current of 8 A. The following design procedure can be used to select components for the LMZ22008. Alternately, the WEBENCH software may be used to generate complete designs.

When generating a design, the WEBENCH software uses iterative design procedure and accesses comprehensive databases of components. Please go to www.ti.com for more details.

8.2 Typical Application

LMZ22008 30153987.gifFigure 50. Typical Application Schematic Diagram

8.2.1 Design Requirements

For this example the following application parameters exist.

  • VIN Range = Up to 20 V
  • VOUT = 0.8 V to 6 V
  • IOUT = 8 A

8.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

8.2.2.1 Design Steps

The LMZ22008 is fully supported by WEBENCH which offers: component selection, electrical and thermal simulations. Additionally, there are both evaluation and demonstration boards that may be used as a starting point for design. The following list of steps can be used to manually design the LMZ22008 application.

All references to values refer to the typical applications schematic Figure 50.

  1. Select minimum operating VIN with enable divider resistors
  2. Program VOUT with FB resistor divider selection
  3. Select COUT
  4. Select CIN
  5. Determine module power dissipation
  6. Layout PCB for required thermal performance

8.2.2.2 Enable Divider, RENT, RENB and RENH Selection

Internal to the module is a 2-MΩ pullup resistor connected from VIN to Enable. For applications not requiring precision undervoltage lockout (UVLO), the Enable input may be left open circuit and the internal resistor will always enable the module. In such case, the internal UVLO occurs typically at 4.3 V (VIN rising).

In applications with separate supervisory circuits Enable can be directly interfaced to a logic source. In the case of sequencing supplies, the divider is connected to a rail that becomes active earlier in the power-up cycle than the LMZ22008 output rail.

Enable provides a precise 1.274-V threshold to allow direct logic drive or connection to a voltage divider from a higher enable voltage such as VIN. Additionally there is 13 μA (typical) of switched offset current allowing programmable hysteresis. See Figure 51.

The function of the enable divider is to allow the designer to choose an input voltage below which the circuit will be disabled. This implements the feature of a programmable UVLO. The two resistors should be chosen based on the following ratio:

Equation 1. RENT / RENB = (VIN UVLO / 1.274 V) – 1

The LMZ22008 typical application shows 12.7 kΩ for RENB and 42.2 kΩ for RENT resulting in a rising UVLO of 5.51 V. This divider presents 4.62 V to the EN input when VIN is raised to 20 V. This upper voltage should always be checked, making sure that it never exceeds the Abs Max 5.5 V limit for Enable. A 5.1-V Zener clamp can be applied in cases where the upper voltage would exceed the EN input's range of operation. The Zener clamp is not required if the target application prohibits the maximum Enable input voltage from being exceeded.

Additional enable voltage hysteresis can be added with the inclusion of RENH. It is possible to select values for RENT and RENB such that RENH is a value of zero allowing it to be omitted from the design.

Rising threshold can be calculated as follows:

Equation 2. VEN(rising) = 1.274 ( 1 + (RENT|| 2 meg)/ RENB)

Whereas the falling threshold level can be calculated using:

Equation 3. VEN(falling) = VEN(rising) – 13 µA ( RENT|| 2 meg || RENTB + RENH )
LMZ22008 30153979.gifFigure 51. Enable Input Detail

8.2.2.3 Output Voltage Selection

Output voltage is determined by a divider of two resistors connected between VOUT and AGND. The midpoint of the divider is connected to the FB input.

The regulated output voltage determined by the external divider resistors RFBT and RFBB is:

Equation 4. VOUT = 0.795 V × (1 + RFBT / RFBB)

Rearranging terms; the ratio of the feedback resistors for a desired output voltage is:

Equation 5. RFBT / RFBB = (VOUT / 0.795 V) – 1

These resistors should generally be chosen from values in the range of 1.0 kΩ to 10.0 kΩ.

For VOUT = 0.8V the FB pin can be connected to the output directly and RFBB can be set to 8.06 kΩ to provide minimum output load.

Table 1 lists the values for RFBT , and RFBB.

Table 1. Typical Application Bill of Materials

REF DES DESCRIPTION CASE SIZE MANUFACTURER MANUFACTURER P/N
U1 SIMPLE SWITCHER PFM-11 Texas Instruments LMZ22008TZ
CIN1,6 (OPT) 0.047 µF, 50 V, X7R 1206 Yageo America CC1206KRX7R9BB473
CIN2,3,4 10 µF, 50 V, X7R 1210 Taiyo Yuden UMK325BJ106MM-T
CIN5 (OPT) CAP, AL, 150 µF, 50 V Radial G Panasonic EEE-FK1H151P
CO1,5 (OPT) 0.047 µF, 50 V, X7R 1206 Yageo America CC1206KRX7R9BB473
CO2 (OPT) 47 µF, 10 V, X7R 1210 Murata GRM32ER61A476KE20L
CO3,4 330 μF, 6.3 V, 0.015 Ω CAPSMT_6_UE Kemet T520D337M006ATE015
RFBT 3.32 kΩ 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF3321V
RFBB 1.07 kΩ 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF1071V
RSYNC 1.50 kΩ 0805 Vishay Dale CRCW08051K50FKEA
RENT 42.2 kΩ 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF4222V
RENB 12.7 kΩ 0805 Panasonic ERJ-6ENF1272V
CSS 0.47 μF, ±10%, X7R, 16 V 0805 AVX 0805YC474KAT2A
D1 (OPT) 5.1 V, 0.5 W SOD-123 Diodes Inc. MMSZ5231BS-7-F

8.2.2.4 Soft-Start Capacitor Selection

Programmable soft-start permits the regulator to slowly ramp to its steady-state operating point after being enabled, thereby reducing current inrush from the input supply and slowing the output voltage rise-time.

Upon turnon, after all UVLO conditions have been passed, an internal 1.6-ms circuit slowly ramps the SS input to implement internal soft-start. If 1.6 ms is an adequate turnon time then the Css capacitor can be left unpopulated. Longer soft-start periods are achieved by adding an external capacitor to this input.

Soft-start duration is given by the formula:

Equation 6. tSS = VREF × CSS / Iss = 0.795 V × CSS / 50 µA

This equation can be rearranged as follows:

Equation 7. CSS = tSS × 50 μA / 0.795 V

Using a 0.22-μF capacitor results in 3.5 ms typical soft-start duration; and 0.47 μF results in 7.5 ms typical. 0.47 μF is a recommended initial value.

As the soft-start input exceeds 0.795 V the output of the power stage will be in regulation and the 50-μA current is deactivated. The following conditions will reset the soft-start capacitor by discharging the SS input to ground with an internal current sink.

  • The Enable input being pulled low
  • A thermal shutdown condition
  • VIN falling below 4.3 V (typical) and triggering the VCC UVLO

8.2.2.5 Tracking Supply Divider Option

The tracking function allows the module to be connected as a slave supply to a primary voltage rail (often the 3.3-V system rail) where the slave module output voltage is lower than that of the master. Proper configuration allows the slave rail to power up coincident with the master rail such that the voltage difference between the rails during ramp-up is small (that is, < 0.15 V typical). The values for the tracking resistive divider should be selected such that the effect of the internal 50-µA current source is minimized. In most cases the ratio of the tracking divider resistors is the same as the ratio of the output voltage setting divider. Proper operation in tracking mode dictates the soft-start time of the slave rail be shorter than the master rail; a condition that is easy to satisfy because the CSS cap is replaced by RTKB. The tracking function is only supported for the power up interval of the master supply; once the SS/TRK rises past 0.795 V the input is no longer enabled and the 50-µA internal current source is switched off.

LMZ22008 30153980.gifFigure 52. Tracking Option Input Detail

8.2.2.6 COUT Selection

None of the required COUT output capacitance is contained within the module. A minimum value ranging from 330 μF for 6-VOUT to 660 μF for 1.2-VOUT applications is required based on the values of internal compensation in the error amplifier. These minimum values can be decreased if the effective capacitor ESR is higher than 15 mΩ.

A Low ESR (15 mΩ) tantalum, organic semiconductor or specialty polymer capacitor types in parallel with a 47-nF X7R ceramic capacitor for high frequency noise reduction is recommended for obtaining lowest ripple. The output capacitor COUT may consist of several capacitors in parallel placed in close proximity to the module. The output voltage ripple of the module depends on the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor bank, and can be calculated by multiplying the ripple current of the module by the effective impedance of your chosen output capacitors (for ripple current calculation, see Equation 14). Electrolytic capacitors will have large ESR and lead to larger output ripple than ceramic or polymer types. For this reason a combination of ceramic and polymer capacitors is recommended for low output ripple performance.

The output capacitor assembly must also meet the worst case ripple current rating of ΔiL, as calculated in Equation 14 below. Loop response verification is also valuable to confirm closed loop behavior.

For applications with dynamic load steps; the following equation provides a good first pass approximation of COUT for load transient requirements.

Equation 8. LMZ22008 30153990.gif

For 12 VIN, 3.3 VOUT, a transient voltage of 5% of VOUT = 0.165 V (ΔVOUT), a 7A load step (ISTEP), an output capacitor effective ESR of 3 mΩ, and a switching frequency of 350 kHz (fSW):

Equation 9. LMZ22008 30153991.gif

NOTE

The stability requirement for minimum output capacitance must always be met.

One recommended output capacitor combination is two 330-μF, 15-mΩ ESR tantalum polymer capacitors connected in parallel with a 47-µF 6.3-V X5R ceramic. This combination provides excellent performance that may exceed the requirements of certain applications. Additionally some small 47-nF ceramic capacitors can be used for high-frequency EMI suppression.

8.2.2.7 CIN Selection

The LMZ22008 module contains two internal ceramic input capacitors. Additional input capacitance is required external to the module to handle the input ripple current of the application. The input capacitor can be several capacitors in parallel. This input capacitance should be located in very close proximity to the module. Input capacitor selection is generally directed to satisfy the input ripple current requirements rather than by capacitance value. Input ripple current rating is dictated by the equation:

Equation 10. LMZ22008 30153992.gif

where

  • D ≊ VOUT / VIN

As a point of reference, the worst case ripple current will occur when the module is presented with full load current and when VIN = 2 × VOUT.

Recommended minimum input capacitance is 30-µF X7R (or X5R) ceramic with a voltage rating at least 25% higher than the maximum applied input voltage for the application. It is also recommended that attention be paid to the voltage and temperature derating of the capacitor selected.

NOTE

Ripple current rating of ceramic capacitors may be missing from the capacitor data sheet and you may have to contact the capacitor manufacturer for this parameter.

If the system design requires a certain minimum value of peak-to-peak input ripple voltage (ΔVIN) to be maintained then the following equation may be used.

Equation 11. LMZ22008 30153993.gif

If ΔVIN is 200 mV or 1.66% of VIN for a 12-V input to 3.3-V output application and fSW = 350 kHz then:

Equation 12. LMZ22008 30153994.gif

Additional bulk capacitance with higher ESR may be required to damp any resonant effects of the input capacitance and parasitic inductance of the incoming supply lines. The LMZ22008 typical applications schematic and evaluation board include a 150-μF 50-V aluminum capacitor for this function. There are many situations where this capacitor is not necessary.

8.2.2.8 Discontinuous Conduction and Continuous Conduction Modes Selection

The approximate formula for determining the DCM/CCM boundary is as follows:

Equation 13. LMZ22008 30153996.gif

The inductor internal to the module is 2.2 μH. This value was chosen as a good balance between low and high input voltage applications. The main parameter affected by the inductor is the amplitude of the inductor ripple current (ΔiL). ΔiL can be calculated with:

Equation 14. LMZ22008 30153995.gif

where

  • VIN is the maximum input voltage
  • and fSW is typically 359 kHz.

If the output current IOUT is determined by assuming that IOUT = IL, the higher and lower peak of ΔiL can be determined.

8.2.3 Application Curves

LMZ22008 30153903.gif
VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 3.3 V
Figure 53. Efficiency
LMZ22008 30153914.gif
VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 5 V,
IOUT = 8 A
Figure 55. Radiated EMI (EN 55022)
LMZ22008 30153909.gif
VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 3.3 V
Figure 54. Thermal Derating Curve