A 48V architecture is very similar to a 12V architecture, though it does come with additional challenges.

First, voltage arcing is an issue at 48V, so the outputs and components must have enough creepage and clearance to prevent arcing between two points of different voltage levels. A combination of software, voltage and current sensing will help detect arcing and quickly shut down the necessary switches to stop the arc. Machine learning algorithms can also be developed to better distinguish arcing waveforms from natural transients in the vehicle to help avoid false detections. Figure 10 shows the most common causes of arcing for 48V architectures.

Figure 10 Common causes of arcing on 48V architectures.

In addition, a 48V-to-12V DC/DC converter is still necessary in many first generation 48V architectures, as not all actuators and semiconductors have transitioned to 48V operation or benefit from transitioning. There are many different topologies to consider for 48V-to-12V conversion depending on power required, board size, cost and efficiency. A standard approach is a traditional buck converter or controller, along with advanced topologies such as switched capacitor converters (SCC) and switched tank converters (STC).