SNVSAD9 April   2016 LM5175-Q1

PRODUCTION DATA.  

  1. Features
  2. Applications
  3. Description
  4. Simplified Schematic
  5. Revision History
  6. Pin Configuration and Functions
  7. Specifications
    1. 7.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
    2. 7.2 ESD Ratings
    3. 7.3 Recommended Operating Conditions
    4. 7.4 Thermal Information
    5. 7.5 Electrical Characteristics
    6. 7.6 Typical Characteristics
  8. Detailed Description
    1. 8.1 Overview
    2. 8.2 Functional Block Diagram
    3. 8.3 Feature Description
      1. 8.3.1  Fixed Frequency Valley/Peak Current Mode Control with Slope Compensation
      2. 8.3.2  VCC Regulator and Optional BIAS Input
      3. 8.3.3  Enable/UVLO
      4. 8.3.4  Soft-Start
      5. 8.3.5  Overcurrent Protection
      6. 8.3.6  Average Input/Output Current Limiting
      7. 8.3.7  CCM/DCM Operation
      8. 8.3.8  Frequency and Synchronization (RT/SYNC)
      9. 8.3.9  Frequency Dithering
      10. 8.3.10 Output Overvoltage Protection (OVP)
      11. 8.3.11 Power Good (PGOOD)
      12. 8.3.12 Gm Error Amplifier
      13. 8.3.13 Integrated Gate Drivers
      14. 8.3.14 Thermal Shutdown
    4. 8.4 Device Functional Modes
      1. 8.4.1 Shutdown, Standby, and Operating Modes
      2. 8.4.2 MODE Pin Configuration
  9. Application and Implementation
    1. 9.1 Application Information
    2. 9.2 Typical Application
      1. 9.2.1 Design Requirements
      2. 9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure
        1. 9.2.2.1  Frequency
        2. 9.2.2.2  VOUT
        3. 9.2.2.3  Inductor Selection
        4. 9.2.2.4  Output Capacitor
        5. 9.2.2.5  Input Capacitor
        6. 9.2.2.6  Sense Resistor (RSENSE)
        7. 9.2.2.7  Slope Compensation
        8. 9.2.2.8  UVLO
        9. 9.2.2.9  Soft-Start Capacitor
        10. 9.2.2.10 Dither Capacitor
        11. 9.2.2.11 MOSFETs QH1 and QL1
        12. 9.2.2.12 MOSFETs QH2 and QL2
        13. 9.2.2.13 Frequency Compensation
      3. 9.2.3 Application Curves
  10. 10Power Supply Recommendations
  11. 11Layout
    1. 11.1 Layout Guidelines
    2. 11.2 Layout Example
  12. 12Device and Documentation Support
    1. 12.1 Documentation Support
      1. 12.1.1 Related Documentation
    2. 12.2 Community Resources
    3. 12.3 Trademarks
    4. 12.4 Electrostatic Discharge Caution
    5. 12.5 Glossary
  13. 13Mechanical, Packaging, and Orderable Information
    1. 13.1 Package Option Addendum
      1. 13.1.1 Packaging Information

パッケージ・オプション

メカニカル・データ(パッケージ|ピン)
サーマルパッド・メカニカル・データ
発注情報

9 Application and Implementation

NOTE

Information in the following applications sections is not part of the TI component specification, and TI does not warrant its accuracy or completeness. TI’s customers are responsible for determining suitability of components for their purposes. Customers should validate and test their design implementation to confirm system functionality.

9.1 Application Information

The LM5175-Q1 is a four-switch buck-boost controller. A quick-start tool on the LM5175-Q1 product webpage can be used to design a buck-boost converter using the LM5175-Q1. Alternatively, Webench®software can create a complete buck-boost design using the LM5175-Q1 and generate bill of materials, estimate efficiency, solution size, and cost of the complete solution. The following sections describe a detailed step-by-step design procedure for a typical application circuit.

9.2 Typical Application

A typical application example is a buck-boost converter operating from a wide input voltage range of 6 V to 36 V and providing a stable 12 V output voltage with current capability of 6 A.

LM5175-Q1 sch_ref_snvsa37.gif Figure 24. LM5175-Q1 Four-Switch Buck Boost Application Schematic

9.2.1 Design Requirements

For this design example, the following are used as the input parameters.

DESIGN PARAMETER EXAMPLE VALUE
Input Voltage Range 6 V to 36 V
Output 12 V
Load Current 6 A
Switching Frequency 300 kHz
Mode CCM, Hiccup

9.2.2 Detailed Design Procedure

9.2.2.1 Frequency

The switching frequency of LM5175-Q1 is set by an RT resistor connected from RT/SYNC pin to AGND. The RT resistor required to set the desired frequency is calculated using Equation 5 or Figure 3 . A 1% standard resistor of 84.5 kΩ is selected for Fsw = 300 kHz.

9.2.2.2 VOUT

The output voltage is set using a resistor divider to the FB pin. The internal reference voltage is 0.8 V. Normally the bottom resistor in the resistor divider is selected to be in the 1 kΩ to 100 kΩ range. Select

Equation 11. LM5175-Q1 eq07_snvsa37_RFB1.gif

The top resistor in the feedback resistor divider is selected using Equation 12:

Equation 12. LM5175-Q1 eq08_snvsa37_RFB2.gif

9.2.2.3 Inductor Selection

The inductor selection is based on consideration of both buck and boost modes of operation. For the buck mode, inductor selection is based on limiting the peak to peak current ripple ΔIL to ~40% of the maximum inductor current at the maximum input voltage. The target inductance for the buck mode is:

Equation 13. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_Lbuck.gif

For the boost mode, the inductor selection is based on limiting the peak to peak current ripple ΔIL to ~40% of the maximum inductor current at the minimum input voltage. The target inductance for the boost mode is:

Equation 14. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_Lboost.gif

In this particular application, the buck inductance is larger. Choosing a larger inductance reduces the ripple current but also increases the size of the inductor. A larger inductor also reduces the achievable bandwidth of the converter by moving the right half plane zero to lower frequencies. Therefore a judicious compromise should be made based on the application requirements. For this design a 4.7-µH inductor is selected. With this inductor selection, the inductor current ripple is 5.7 A, 4.3 A, and 2.1 A, at VIN of 36 V, 24 V, and 6 V respectively.

The maximum average inductor current occurs at the minimum input voltage and maximum load current:

Equation 15. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_iLmax_boost.gif

where a 90% efficiency is assumed. The peak inductor current occurs at minimum input voltage and is given by:

Equation 16. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_iLpeak_boost.gif

To ensure sufficient output current, the current limit threshold must be set to allow the maximum load current in boost operation. To ensure that the inductor does not saturate in current limit, the peak saturation current of the inductor should be higher than the maximum current limit. Adjusting for a ±20% current limit threshold tolerance, the peak inductor current limit is:

Equation 17. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_iLsat.gif

Therefore, the inductor saturation current should be greater than 21.6 A. If hiccup mode protection is not enabled, the RMS current rating of the inductor should be sufficient to tolerate continuous operation in cycle-by-cycle current limiting.

9.2.2.4 Output Capacitor

In the boost mode, the output capacitor conducts high ripple current. The output capacitor RMS ripple current is given by Equation 18 where the minimum VIN corresponds to the maximum capacitor current.

Equation 18. LM5175-Q1 eq14_snvsa37_ICOUT_rms.gif

In this example the maximum output ripple RMS current is ICOUT(RMS) = 6 A. A 5-mΩ output capacitor ESR causes an output ripple voltage of 60 mV as given by:

Equation 19. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_voripple_esr.gif

A 400 µF output capacitor causes a capacitive ripple voltage of 25 mV as given by:

Equation 20. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_voripple_cap.gif

Typically a combination of ceramic and bulk capacitors is needed to provide low ESR and high ripple current capacity. The complete schematic in Figure 24 at the end of this section shows a good starting point for COUT for typical applications.

9.2.2.5 Input Capacitor

In the buck mode, the input capacitor supplies high ripple current. The RMS current in the input capacitor is given by:

Equation 21. LM5175-Q1 eq17_snvsa37_ICIN_rms.gif

The maximum RMS current occurs at D = 0.5, which gives ICIN(RMS) = IOUT/2 = 3 A. A combination of ceramic and bulk capacitors should be used to provide short path for high di/dt current and to reduce the output voltage ripple. The complete schematic in Figure 24 is a good starting point for CIN for typical applications.

9.2.2.6 Sense Resistor (RSENSE)

The current sense resistor between the CS and CSG pins should be selected to ensure that current limit is set high enough for both buck and boost modes of operation. For the buck operation, the current limit resistor is given by:

Equation 22. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_rsense_buck.gif

For the boost mode of operation, the current limit resistor is given by:

Equation 23. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_rsense_boost_Q1.gif

The closest standard value of RSENSE = 8 mΩ is selected based on the boost mode operation.

The maximum power dissipation in RSENSE happens at VIN(MIN):

Equation 24. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_Pmax_Rsense_Q1.gif

Based on this, select the current sense resistor with power rating of 2 W or higher.

For some application circuits, it may be required to add a filter network to attenuate noise in the CS and CSG sense lines. Please see Figure 24 for typical values. The filter resistance should not exceed 100 Ω.

9.2.2.7 Slope Compensation

For stable current loop operation and to avoid sub-harmonic oscillations, the slope capacitor should be selected based on Equation 25:

Equation 25. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_slope.gif

This slope compensation results in “dead-beat” operation, in which the current loop disturbances die out in one switching cycle. Theoretically a current mode loop is stable with half the “dead-beat” slope (twice the calculated slope capacitor value in Equation 25). A smaller slope capacitor results in larger slope signal which is better for noise immunity in the transition region (VIN~VOUT). A larger slope signal, however, restricts the achievable input voltage range for a given output voltage, switching frequency, and inductor. For this design CSLOPE = 100 pF is selected for better transition region behavior while still providing the required VIN range. This selection of slope capacitor, inductor, switching frequency, and inductor satisfies the COMP range limitation explained in Gm Error Amplifier section.

9.2.2.8 UVLO

The UVLO resistor divider must be designed for turn-on below 6V. Selecting a RUV2 = 249 kΩ gives a UVLO hysteresis of 0.8 V. The lower UVLO resistor is the selected using Equation 26:

Equation 26. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_RUV1.gif

A standard value of 59.0 kΩ is selected for RUV1.

When programming the UVLO threshold for lower input voltage operation, it is important to choose MOSFETs with gate (Miller) plateau voltage lower than the minimum VIN.

9.2.2.9 Soft-Start Capacitor

The soft-start time is programmed using the soft-start capacitor. The relationship between CSS and the soft-start time is given by:

Equation 27. LM5175-Q1 eq22_snvsa37_tss_soft_start.gif

CSS = 0.1 µF gives a soft-start time of 16 ms.

9.2.2.10 Dither Capacitor

The dither capacitor sets the modulation frequency of the frequency dithering around the nominal switching frequency. A larger CDITH results in lower modulation frequency. For proper operation the modulation frequency (FMOD) must be much lower than the switching frequency. Use Equation 28 to select CDITH for the target modulation frequency.

Equation 28. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_dither_cap.gif

For the current design dithering is not being implemented. Therefore a 0 Ω resistor from the DITH pin to AGND disables this feature.

9.2.2.11 MOSFETs QH1 and QL1

The input side MOSFETs QH1 and QL1 need to withstand the maximum input voltage of 36 V. In addition they must withstand the transient spikes at SW1 during switching. Therefore QH1 and QL1 should be rated for 60 V. The gate plateau voltages of the MOSFETs should be smaller than the minimum input voltage of the converter, otherwise the MOSFETs may not fully enhance during startup or overload conditions.

The power loss in QH1 in the boost mode of operation is approximated by:

Equation 29. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QH1_Pboost.gif

The power loss in QH1 in the buck mode of operation consists of both conduction and switching loss components given by Equation 30 and Equation 31 respectively:

Equation 30. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QH1_Pcond.gif
Equation 31. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QH1_Psw.gif

The rise (tr) and the fall (tf) times are based on the MOSFET datasheet information or measured in the lab. Typically a MOSFET with smaller RDSON (smaller conduction loss) will have longer rise and fall times (larger switching loss).

The power loss in QL1 in the buck mode of operation is given by the following equation:

Equation 32. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QL1_buck.gif

9.2.2.12 MOSFETs QH2 and QL2

The output side MOSFETs QH2 and QL2 see the output voltage of 12 V and additional transient spikes at SW2 during switching. Therefore QH2 and QL2 should be rated for 20 V or more. The gate plateau voltages of the MOSFETs should be smaller than the minimum input voltage of the converter, otherwise the MOSFETs may not fully enhance during startup or overload conditions.

The power loss in QH2 in the buck mode of operation is approximated by:

Equation 33. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QH2_Pbuck.gif

The power loss in QL2 in the boost mode of operation consists of both conduction and switching loss components given by Equation 34 and Equation 35 respectively:

Equation 34. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QL2_Pcond.gif
Equation 35. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QL2_Psw.gif

The rise (tr) and the fall (tf) times can be based on the MOSFET datasheet information or measured in the lab. Typically a MOSFET with smaller RDSON (lower conduction loss) has longer rise and fall times (larger switching loss).

The power loss in QH2 in the boost mode of operation is given by the following equation:

Equation 36. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_QH2_boost.gif

9.2.2.13 Frequency Compensation

This section presents the control loop compensation design procedure for the LM5175-Q1 buck-boost controller. The LM5175-Q1 operates mainly in buck or boost modes, separated by a transition region, and therefore the control loop design is done for both buck and boost operating modes. Then a final selection of compensation is made based on the mode that is more restrictive from a loop stability point of view. Typically for a converter designed to go deep into both buck and boost operating regions, the boost compensation design is more restrictive due to the presence of a right half plane zero (RHPZ) in the boost mode.

The boost power stage output pole location is given by:

Equation 37. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fp1_boost.gif

where ROUT = 2 Ω corresponds to the maximum load of 6 A.

The boost power stage ESR zero location is given by:

Equation 38. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fz_esr.gif

The boost power stage RHP zero location is given by:

Equation 39. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fRHP.gif

where DMAX is the maximum duty cycle at the minimum VIN.

The buck power stage output pole location is given by:

Equation 40. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fp1_buck.gif

The buck power stage ESR zero location is the same as the boost power stage ESR zero.

It is clear from Equation 39 that RHP zero is the main factor limiting the achievable bandwidth. For a robust design the crossover frequency should be less than 1/3 of the RHP zero frequency. Given the position of the RHP zero, a reasonable target bandwidth in boost operation is around 4 kHz:

Equation 41. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fbw.gif

For some power stages, the boost RHP zero might not be as restrictive. This happens when the boost maximum duty cycle (DMAX) is small, or when a really small inductor is used. In those cases, compare the limits posed by the RHP zero (fRHP/3) with 1/20 of the switching frequency and use the smaller of the two values as the achievable bandwidth.

The compensation zero can be placed at 1.5 times the boost output pole frequency. Keep in mind that this locates the zero at 3 times the buck output pole frequency which results in approximately 30 degrees of phase loss before crossover of the buck loop and 15 degrees of phase loss at intermediate frequencies for the boost loop:

Equation 42. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_fz_comp.gif

If the crossover frequency is well below the RHP zero and the compensation zero is placed well below the crossover, the compensation gain resistor Rc1 is calculated using the approximation:

Equation 43. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_Rc1.gif

where DMAX is the maximum duty cycle at the minimum VIN in boost mode and ACS is the current sense amplifier gain. The compensation capacitor Cc1 is then calculated from:

Equation 44. LM5175-Q1 eq_snvsa37_Cc1.gif

The standard values of compensation components are selected to be Rc1 = 10 kΩ and Cc1 = 22 nF.

A high frequency pole is added to suppress switching noise using a 100 pF capacitor (Cc2) in parallel with Rc1 and Cc1. These values provide a good starting point for the compensation design. Each design should be tuned in the lab to achieve the desired balance between stability margin across the operating range and transient response time.

9.2.3 Application Curves

LM5175-Q1 D008_SNVA37.gif Figure 25. Efficiency vs Load
LM5175-Q1 wvfm02_load_step_2_4a_snvu440.gif Figure 27. Load Transient Response
LM5175-Q1 wvfm01_vout_ripple_snvu440.gif Figure 26. Output Voltage Ripple
LM5175-Q1 wvfm03_linetr_8V_24V_2A_10ms_snvu440.gif Figure 28. Line Transient Response (8 V – 24 V, IOUT = 2 A)