George Lakkas

Traction inverters are the main consumer of battery power in electric vehicles (EVs), with power levels reaching 150 kW or higher. The efficiency and performance of traction inverters directly impact an EV’s driving range on a single charge. Therefore, to build the next generation of these systems, the industry has widely adopted silicon carbide (SiC) field-effect transistors (FETs) to enable higher reliability, efficiency and power density.

The isolated gate-driver integrated circuits (ICs) shown in Figure 1 provide low- to high-voltage (input-to-output) galvanic isolation, drive the high- and low-side power stages of each phase of a SiC-based inverter, and monitor and protect the inverter against various fault conditions. Depending on the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) functional safety requirements, the gate-driver IC may have to be International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 26262-compliant, ensuring fault detection of ≥99% and ≥90% for single and latent faults, respectively.

In this article, I’ll focus on the benefits of real-time variable gate-drive strength, a new feature that enables designers to optimize system parameters such as efficiency (which impacts EV operating range) and SiC overshoot (which impacts reliability).

Figure 1 EV traction inverter block diagram

Maximize power density while eliminating external components
	Learn more with the high-power, high-performance automotive SiC traction inverter reference design.

Higher efficiency with real-time variable gate-drive strength

The gate-driver IC has to turn on the SiC FETs as efficiently as possible, while minimizing switching and conduction losses that include both turnon and turnoff energy. The ability to control and vary the gate-drive current strength reduces switching losses, but at the expense of increasing transient overshoot at the switch node during switching. Varying the gate-drive current controls the slew rate of the SiC FET, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 SiC slew-rate control by varying gate-driver IC drive strength

Real-time variability of the gate-drive current enables transient overshoot management as well as design optimization throughout the high-voltage battery energy cycle. A fully charged battery with a state of charge from 100% to 80% should use low gate-drive strength to maintain SiC voltage overshoot within the limits. As the battery charge drops from 80% to 20%, employing high gate-drive strength reduces switching losses and increases traction inverter efficiency. These scenarios are possible during 75% of the charging cycle, so the efficiency gains can be quite significant. Figure 3 illustrates a typical transient overshoot vs. battery peak voltage and state of charge.

Figure 3 Transient overshoot vs. battery peak voltage and state of charge

The UCC5880-Q1 is a 20-A SiC gate driver that has advanced protection features for traction inverters in automotive applications. Its gate-drive strength varies from 5 A to 20 A, and is variable through both a 4-MHz bidirectional Serial Peripheral Interface bus or three digital input pins. Figure 4 shows the implementation through the dual split outputs that make variable gate-drive strength possible.

Figure 4 The UCC5880-Q1’s dual-output split gate-drive structure

Evaluating power-stage switching with DPT

A standard way to evaluate a traction inverter’s power-stage switching performance is the double pulse test (DPT), which turns the SiC power switch on and off at different currents. Varying the switching times makes it possible to control and measure the SiC turnon and turnoff waveforms over operating conditions, thus facilitating an evaluation of efficiency and SiC overshoot, which affects reliability. Figure 5 illustrates the UCC5880-Q1 variable-strength gate driver and SiC half bridge with the low-side DPT setup.

Figure 5 Low-side DPT block diagram

The results in Table 1 show how a SiC gate driver with variable strength allows you to control overshoot while maximizing efficiency and optimizing thermal performance. E_ON and E_OFF are the turnon and turnoff switching energy losses, respectively. V_DS,MAX is the maximum voltage overshoot, and the T_OFF and T_ON transient voltages (dv/dt) are the voltage slew rates of V_DS during turnon and turnoff, respectively.

Table 1 DPT summary (800-V bus, 540-A load current, with the highest to lowest gate drive from left to right)

Mitigating overshoot

The waveforms in Figure 6 illustrate the effect of variable gate-drive strength on SiC overshoot, as the UCC5880-Q1 gate-drive resistance and drive strength are controlled in real time. Enabling the lower gate drive (SiC turnoff) mitigates the power-stage overshoot.

Figure 6 Real-time variable gate-drive strength effect on SiC overshoot: SiC strong drive turnoff (a); SiC weak drive turnoff (b)

Table 2 lists the actual measurements for comparison. Depending on system parasitics and goals for noise control, you can trade off between the overshoot, dv/dt and switching losses accordingly.

Table 2 Gate-drive strength vs. SiC FET slew rate vs. overshoot results vs. energy loss

Conclusion

With EV traction inverters approaching 300-kW power levels, the need for higher reliability and higher efficiency is imperative. Selecting a SiC isolated gate driver with real-time variable gate-drive strength is useful in achieving these goals. The UCC5880-Q1 comes with design support tools including evaluation boards, user’s guides and a functional safety manual to assist you with your designs.

Additional resources

• Read the white paper, “Traction Inverters – A Driving Force Behind Vehicle Electrification.”
• See the TI E2E™ technical article, “Improving Safety in EV Traction Inverter Systems.”