TIDUFK1 August   2026

 

  1.   1
  2.   Description
  3.   Resources
  4.   Features
  5.   Applications
  6.   6
  7. 1System Description
    1. 1.1 Terminology
    2. 1.2 Key System Specifications
  8. 2System Overview
    1. 2.1 Block Diagram
    2. 2.2 Design Considerations
      1. 2.2.1 Low Signal Amplitude
      2. 2.2.2 Sensitivity to Noise
      3. 2.2.3 Integrator limitation
      4. 2.2.4 Effect of Artificial Loads
      5. 2.2.5 Stray Magnetic Field Interference
      6. 2.2.6 Crosstalk
      7. 2.2.7 Mechanical Limitations
      8. 2.2.8 Human Errors
    3. 2.3 Highlighted Products
      1. 2.3.1 TLV4387
      2. 2.3.2 ADS131M08
      3. 2.3.3 MSPM0G1506
      4. 2.3.4 ISO6731
      5. 2.3.5 TPS70933
      6. 2.3.6 TRS3232
      7. 2.3.7 CDC6CE
  9. 3System Design Theory
    1. 3.1 Rogowski Coil
    2. 3.2 Hardware Integrator
  10. 4Hardware, Software, Testing Requirements, and Test Results
    1. 4.1 Hardware Requirements
    2. 4.2 Software
    3. 4.3 Test Setup
      1. 4.3.1 Header Information
    4. 4.4 Getting Started
      1. 4.4.1 Software Installation
      2. 4.4.2 GUI Setup
        1. 4.4.2.1 Calibration
    5. 4.5 Test Results
      1. 4.5.1  Active Power Accuracy Measurements
      2. 4.5.2  Active Power Accuracy Measurements (PF≠1)
      3. 4.5.3  Reactive Power Accuracy Measurements
      4. 4.5.4  Reactive Power Accuracy Measurements (PF≠1)
      5. 4.5.5  Voltage Variation Accuracy Measurements
      6. 4.5.6  Frequency Variation Accuracy Measurements
      7. 4.5.7  Equality of Current Circuits Accuracy Measurements
      8. 4.5.8  Phase Reversal Accuracy Measurements
      9. 4.5.9  Temperature Variation Accuracy Measurements
      10. 4.5.10 Crosstalk Accuracy Measurements
      11. 4.5.11 Effect of External Magnetic Fields Accuracy Measurements
  11. 5Design and Documentation Support
    1. 5.1 Documentation Support
    2.     Trademarks
  12. 6About the Author

2.2.3 Integrator limitation

Issue: in electricity metering (50Hz to 60Hz), integration at low frequencies requires accumulating a signal over a large span, making it sensitive to instabilities, signal changes, and low-frequency noise. Additionally, an integrator gain approaches infinity as frequency approaches zero (DC), any low-frequency noise that couples into the signal chain is amplified and causes instability.

Cause:

Hardware integration complexity: Implementing a hardware integrator at low frequencies is very challenging due to component requirements Component size: low frequency requires large component values t a n - 1 w R C = 90 , z = 1 j w c . To get C and R must be really big value MΩ and μF.

Workaround: To get best integration, C0G/NP0 capacitors, matched resistors with low tolerance, and a low noise zero drift amplifier must be used.