SPRACN0F October   2021  – March 2023 TMS320F280021 , TMS320F280021-Q1 , TMS320F280023 , TMS320F280023-Q1 , TMS320F280023C , TMS320F280025 , TMS320F280025-Q1 , TMS320F280025C , TMS320F280025C-Q1 , TMS320F280033 , TMS320F280034 , TMS320F280034-Q1 , TMS320F280036-Q1 , TMS320F280036C-Q1 , TMS320F280037 , TMS320F280037-Q1 , TMS320F280037C , TMS320F280037C-Q1 , TMS320F280038-Q1 , TMS320F280038C-Q1 , TMS320F280039 , TMS320F280039-Q1 , TMS320F280039C , TMS320F280039C-Q1 , TMS320F280040-Q1 , TMS320F280040C-Q1 , TMS320F280041 , TMS320F280041-Q1 , TMS320F280041C , TMS320F280041C-Q1 , TMS320F280045 , TMS320F280048-Q1 , TMS320F280048C-Q1 , TMS320F280049 , TMS320F280049-Q1 , TMS320F280049C , TMS320F280049C-Q1 , TMS320F28374D , TMS320F28374S , TMS320F28375D , TMS320F28375S , TMS320F28375S-Q1 , TMS320F28376D , TMS320F28376S , TMS320F28377S , TMS320F28377S-Q1 , TMS320F28378D , TMS320F28378S , TMS320F28379D , TMS320F28379D-Q1 , TMS320F28379S , TMS320F28384D , TMS320F28384S , TMS320F28386D , TMS320F28386S , TMS320F28388D , TMS320F28388S , TMS320F28P650DH , TMS320F28P650DK , TMS320F28P650SH , TMS320F28P650SK , TMS320F28P659DH-Q1 , TMS320F28P659DK-Q1 , TMS320F28P659SH-Q1

 

  1.    The Essential Guide for Developing With C2000™ Real-Time Microcontrollers
  2.   Trademarks
  3. 1C2000 and Real-Time Control
    1. 1.1 Getting Started Resources
    2. 1.2 Processing
    3. 1.3 Control
    4. 1.4 Sensing
    5. 1.5 Interface
    6. 1.6 Functional Safety
  4. 2Sensing Key Technologies
    1. 2.1 Accurate Digital Domain Representation of Analog Signals
      1. 2.1.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.1.2 In Depth
      3. 2.1.3 Device List
      4. 2.1.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.1.5 Documentation
    2. 2.2 Optimizing Acquisition Time vs Circuit Complexity for Analog Inputs
      1. 2.2.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.2.2 In Depth
      3. 2.2.3 Device List
      4. 2.2.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.2.5 Documentation
    3. 2.3 Hardware Based Monitoring of Dual-Thresholds Using a Single Pin Reference
      1. 2.3.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.3.2 In Depth
      3. 2.3.3 Device List
      4. 2.3.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.3.5 Documentation
    4. 2.4 Resolving Tolerance and Aging Effects During ADC Sampling
      1. 2.4.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.4.2 In Depth
      3. 2.4.3 Device List
      4. 2.4.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.4.5 Documentation
    5. 2.5 Realizing Rotary Sensing Solutions Using C2000 Configurable Logic Block
      1. 2.5.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.5.2 In Depth
      3. 2.5.3 Device List
      4. 2.5.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.5.5 Documentation
    6. 2.6 Smart Sensing Across An Isolation Boundary
      1. 2.6.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.6.2 In Depth
      3. 2.6.3 Device List
      4. 2.6.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.6.5 Documentation
    7. 2.7 Enabling Intra-Period Updates in High Bandwidth Control Topologies
      1. 2.7.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.7.2 In Depth
      3. 2.7.3 Device List
      4. 2.7.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.7.5 Documentation
    8. 2.8 Accurate Monitoring of Real-Time Control System Events Without the Need for Signal Conditioning
      1. 2.8.1 Value Proposition
      2. 2.8.2 In Depth
      3. 2.8.3 Device List
      4. 2.8.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 2.8.5 Documentation
  5. 3Processing Key Technologies
    1. 3.1 Accelerated Trigonometric Math Functions
      1. 3.1.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.1.2 In Depth
      3. 3.1.3 Device List
      4. 3.1.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.1.5 Documentation
    2. 3.2 Fast Onboard Integer Division
      1. 3.2.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.2.2 In Depth
      3. 3.2.3 Device List
      4. 3.2.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Platforms
      5. 3.2.5 Documentation
    3. 3.3 Hardware Support for Double-Precision Floating-Point Operations
      1. 3.3.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.3.2 In Depth
      3. 3.3.3 Device List
      4. 3.3.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.3.5 Documentation
    4. 3.4 Increasing Control Loop Bandwidth With An Independent Processing Unit
      1. 3.4.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.4.2 In Depth
      3. 3.4.3 Device List
      4. 3.4.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.4.5 Documentation
    5. 3.5 Flexible System Interconnect: C2000 X-Bar
      1. 3.5.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.5.2 In Depth
      3. 3.5.3 Device List
      4. 3.5.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.5.5 Documentation
    6. 3.6 Improving Control Performance With Nonlinear PID Control
      1. 3.6.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.6.2 In Depth
      3. 3.6.3 Device List
      4. 3.6.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.6.5 Documentation
    7. 3.7 Understanding Flash Memory Performance In Real-Time Control Applications
      1. 3.7.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.7.2 In Depth
      3. 3.7.3 Device List
      4. 3.7.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.7.5 Documentation
    8. 3.8 Deterministic Program Execution With the C28x DSP Core
      1. 3.8.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.8.2 In Depth
      3. 3.8.3 Device List
      4. 3.8.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.8.5 Documentation
    9. 3.9 Efficient Live Firmware Updates (LFU) and Firmware Over-The-Air (FOTA) updates
      1. 3.9.1 Value Proposition
      2. 3.9.2 In Depth
      3. 3.9.3 Device List
      4. 3.9.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 3.9.5 Documentation
  6. 4Control Key Technologies
    1. 4.1 Reducing Limit Cycling in Control Systems With C2000 HRPWMs
      1. 4.1.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.1.2 In Depth
      3. 4.1.3 Device List
      4. 4.1.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.1.5 Documentation
    2. 4.2 Shoot Through Prevention for Current Control Topologies With Configurable Deadband
      1. 4.2.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.2.2 In Depth
      3. 4.2.3 Device List
      4. 4.2.4 Documentation
    3. 4.3 On-Chip Hardware Customization Using the C2000 Configurable Logic Block
      1. 4.3.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.3.2 In Depth
      3. 4.3.3 Device List
      4. 4.3.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.3.5 Documentation
    4. 4.4 Fast Detection of Over and Under Currents and Voltages
      1. 4.4.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.4.2 In Depth
      3. 4.4.3 Device List
      4. 4.4.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.4.5 Documentation
    5. 4.5 Improving System Power Density With High Resolution Phase Control
      1. 4.5.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.5.2 In Depth
      3. 4.5.3 Device List
      4. 4.5.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.5.5 Documentation
    6. 4.6 Safe and Optimized PWM Updates in High-Frequency, Multi-Phase and Variable Frequency Topologies
      1. 4.6.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.6.2 In Depth
      3. 4.6.3 Device List
      4. 4.6.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.6.5 Documentation
    7. 4.7 Solving Event Synchronization Across Multiple Controllers in Decentralized Control Systems
      1. 4.7.1 Value Proposition
      2. 4.7.2 In Depth
      3. 4.7.3 Device List
      4. 4.7.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 4.7.5 Documentation
  7. 5Interface Key Technologies
    1. 5.1 Direct Host Control of C2000 Peripherals
      1. 5.1.1 Value Proposition
      2. 5.1.2 In Depth
        1. 5.1.2.1 HIC Bridge for FSI Applications
        2. 5.1.2.2 HIC Bridge for Position Encoder Applications Using CLB
      3. 5.1.3 Device List
      4. 5.1.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 5.1.5 Documentation
    2. 5.2 Securing External Communications and Firmware Updates With an AES Engine
      1. 5.2.1 Value Proposition
      2. 5.2.2 In Depth
      3. 5.2.3 Device List
      4. 5.2.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 5.2.5 Documentation
    3. 5.3 Distributed Real-Time Control Across an Isolation Boundary
      1. 5.3.1 Value Proposition
      2. 5.3.2 In Depth
      3. 5.3.3 Device List
      4. 5.3.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 5.3.5 Documentation
    4. 5.4 Custom Tests and Data Pattern Generation Using the Embedded Pattern Generator (EPG)
      1. 5.4.1 Value Proposition
      2. 5.4.2 In Depth
      3. 5.4.3 Device List
      4. 5.4.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 5.4.5 Documentation
  8. 6Safety Key Technologies
    1. 6.1 Non-Intrusive Run Time Monitoring and Diagnostics as Part of the Control Loop
      1. 6.1.1 Value Proposition
      2. 6.1.2 In Depth
      3. 6.1.3 Device List
      4. 6.1.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 6.1.5 Documentation
    2. 6.2 Hardware Built-In Self-Test of the C28x CPU
      1. 6.2.1 Value Proposition
      2. 6.2.2 In Depth
      3. 6.2.3 Device List
      4. 6.2.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 6.2.5 Documentation
    3. 6.3 Zero CPU Overhead Cyclic Redundancy Check for Embedded On-Chip Memories
      1. 6.3.1 Value Proposition
      2. 6.3.2 In Depth
      3. 6.3.3 Device List
      4. 6.3.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
      5. 6.3.5 Documentation
    4. 6.4 Boot Code Authentication Prior To Code Execution
      1. 6.4.1 Value Proposition
      2. 6.4.2 In Depth
      3. 6.4.3 Device List
      4. 6.4.4 Hardware Platforms and Software Examples
        1. 6.4.4.1 Documentation
  9. 7References
    1. 7.1 Device List
    2. 7.2 Hardware/Software Resources
    3. 7.3 Documentation
  10. 8Revision History

1 C2000 and Real-Time Control

Starting in 1997, Texas Instruments integrated flash memory, an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC), a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) , and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) units on a single device. The first C2000 real-time control MCU was born.

Over more than two decades, this device family grew and now millions of C2000's can be found in numerous applications in industrial and automotive applications like Motor Control, Solar Inverters, Digital Power, Electrical Vehicles and more (see #GUID-A8BC3D2C-5F37-47C8-B571-415A50A586A0). There is one tie that binds all the above applications; their real-time nature and the need for a real-time controller.

Figure 1-1 Common C2000 Real-Time Control Applications

A real-time control system is typically composed of four main elements: see #T5843526-2:

  • Sensing: or feedback acquisition. The application needs to measure several key parameters (voltage, current, motor speed, temperature) in an accurate manner and at a very precise moment in time.
  • Processing: Use the sensing information to apply control algorithms to the incoming data and calculate the next output command.
  • Control: The command is applied to the system, typically via a PWM unit driving the power electronics system, for example, the motor turns faster, the current to the solar installed system is reduced, the car is accelerating.
  • Interface: The ability of the device to communicate to other external components. While not necessarily involved in the control of the system, communications to other system components also has to co-exist with the main control loop.

GUID-20220401-SS0I-GCNF-227G-VHCCJMMVVFJZ-low.png Figure 1-2 C2000 Real-Time MCU Components

The key to real-time control is to minimize the time between Sensing, Processing and Control: this time is defined as the Real-Time Signal Chain. #GUID-83981EAD-BC90-4152-A06F-A8E411260568 illustrates how the entire process is critical to understand the overall system performance of a real-time controller, vs simply looking at the time it takes the main processing unit to complete the control algorithm (step 4).

GUID-20200825-CA0I-TWG8-PQQ3-MXTH0MX73KBC-low.png Figure 1-3 Real-Time Signal Chain Components

Many benchmarks, only focus on the time is takes to complete the step 4, typically expressed in Millions Instructions Per Second (MIPS) while the real-time challenge for designers is to minimize the time between Sample to Output: the real-time MCU architecture choice is critical.

The C2000 real-time MCU is a scalable, ultra-low latency, real-time controller platform designed for efficiency in power electronics, such as high power density, high switching frequencies, GaN and SiC technologies and was designed with the best Real-Time Signal Chain performance in mind and can deliver 2-times more real-time signal chain performance than an Arm®-based architecture.

The following sections showcase these advantages in terms of CPU cycle counts for easy comparison:

For more detailed information on the advantages C2000 brings to the real-time signal chain, including SW benchmarks, see Signal Chain Benchmarking - A Demonstration of Optimized Real-time Performance of C2000™ MCU.

The next sections will zoom in each key elements that enables C2000 MCUs to deliver the best real-time signal performance in the market. Backed up with 25 years of expertise, which has translated in the largest reference design offering for power conversion in the industry, coming with robust production ready software and open source hardware documentation, designers can now innovate to and build energy system of the future. The C2000 real-time MCU continues to expand with a platform of software compatible device from the low-end to the high-end. Check the home page on TI.com and register for the TI newsletter to stay up to date on new innovations from C2000 real-time MCUs.