The separation between traces depends on several factors; however, the amount of coupling that can be tolerated usually dictates the actual separation. Low-noise coupling requires close coupling between the differential pair of an LVDS link to benefit from the electromagnetic field cancellation. The traces should be 100Ω differential and thus coupled in the manner that best fits this requirement. In addition, differential pairs should have the same electrical length to make sure the pairs are balanced; thus, minimizing problems with skew and signal reflection.

For two adjacent single-ended traces, one should use the 3W rule, which stipulates that the distance between two traces should be greater than two times the width of a single trace, or three times its width measured from trace center to trace center. This increased separation effectively reduces the potential for crosstalk. The same rule should be applied to the separation between adjacent LVDS differential pairs, whether the traces are edge-coupled or broad-side-coupled.

Figure 10-5 3-W Rule for Single-Ended and Differential Traces (Top View)

The user should exercise caution when using auto-routers, because auto-routers do not always account for all factors affecting crosstalk and signal reflection. For instance, it is best to avoid sharp 90° turns to prevent discontinuities in the signal path. Using successive 45° turns tends to minimize reflections.